308 



For the dormant spray in orchards 100 lb. hme, 30 lb. salt and 100 

 gals, water are advocated. This wash should be applied as late 

 as possible before the eggs hatch, and acts chiefly as a mechanical 

 barrier to the hatching, but the salt may also have some direct effect, 

 as its omission lessens the eftectiveness of the wash. The best results 

 were obtained with two applications. The nymphal stage is the one 

 most susceptible to sprays and may be treated when the flower stalks 

 have separated out by careful spraying with J pt. nicotine sulphate 

 to 100 gals, water. A weaker solution would probably be effective 

 but has not yet been tried. Very good results were also obtained with 

 a dust containing 2 per cent, or more nicotine sulphate (40 per cent, 

 nicotine) with sulphur as a base. The effectiveness was increased by 

 the addition of lime. Clay used in place of sulphur gave inferior 

 results. The sprays and dusts used against the nymphs were also 

 effective against the adults. Under favourable conditions the adults 

 were killed by fumigation with waste tobacco, free from incombustible 

 material, at the rate of 360 lb. to the acre. Numerous small fires 

 are better than a few large ones ; it is also advisable to have a number 

 of unlighted heaps in reserve in the case of change in the wind, when 

 they may be transferred to the windward side of the orchard. The 

 fires once started will continue burning even through a heavy shower, 

 but unlighted heaps should not be left in the wet, as a large part of 

 the nicotine is thereby extracted. This treatment should be deferred 

 as late as possible before oviposition. In spite of the success of these 

 treatments under experimental conditions, reinfestation always 

 occurred from without, and good results can only be expected over a 

 large area by co-operative efforts. 



Frost (S. W.). The False Apple Red-bug [Lygidea mendax) in 

 Pennsylvania. — //. Econ. Eiit., Geneva, X. Y., xv, no. 1, February 

 1922, pp. 102-104, 1 fig. 



Though the eggs of Lygidea mendax, Rent, (false apple red-bug) 

 apparently hatch earlier in most years than has been generally 

 supposed, the spray made in the pink stage of the blossom comes too 

 earh' to control the nymphs. During 1920 and 1921 the injury from this 

 Capsid was particularly severe. Heteroconivlus malinits, Reut. (true 

 red-bug) also occurs, but to a ver}' much less extent, and cannot at 

 present be considered a serious pest of apples, at least in Pennsylvania. 

 Sprays must therefore be timed against L. mendax. 



The nymphs appear shortl}' after the colour is showing in the cluster- 

 buds. As a result of the observations during 1917 to 1921 in Penn- 

 sylvania, the eggs appear to hatch after the pink stage of the buds. 

 The same relation of bud development and insect activities exists 

 even under extreme conditions such as occurred in the abnormal 

 year of 1921. From the spraying experiments carried out throughout 

 the State, it is evident that two sprays are necessary for satisfactory 

 control. In ordinary seasons these should be applied when two-thirds 

 of the petals have fallen and about two weeks later, when the apples 

 are about the size of hazel nuts. 



Report of Meeting of Cotton States Entomologists, Dallas, Texas, 

 Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 1921.— //. Econ. EnL, Geneva, N. Y., xv, 



no. 1, February 1922, pp. 105-112. 



The camphor scale [Pseudaonidia duplex] seems to be of little im- 

 portance in Japan, where it occurs on citrus stock. Outside Japan it is 



