394 



definite types of organisms deeply modified by their specialised con- 

 ditions of life. It is not a condition that can be strictly defined, 

 being connected by an imperceptible transition with a looser association, 

 commensalism, on the one hand, and a closer one, symbiosis, on the 

 other. 



These general problems are discussed with the aid of concrete 

 examples, preferably such as have been the subject of recent research. 

 While more attention is devoted to parasitism in animals in its widest 

 sense, the main facts relating to this phenomenon in the vegetable 

 kingdom are also noticed. 



WiJNN (H.). Physokermes graniformis, n. sp. — Nene Beitrdge zur 

 system. Insektenk., Beilage zur Zeitschr. loiss. Insektenbiol., 

 Berlin, ii, no. 4, 1st June 1921, p. 29. 

 Physokermes graniformis, sp. n., is described from young trees of 



Abies pectinata in Alsace-Lorraine. 



ToLG (F.). Beschreibung neuer Cecidomyiden aus der Wiener Gegend. 



[A Description of new Cecidomyiids from the Vienna Region.} 



— Neue Beitrdge zur system. Insektenk., Beilage zur Zeitschr. 



wiss. Insektenbiol., Berlin, ii, no. 5, 15th August 1921, pp. 33-35. 



The new species include Phaenobremia kiefferiana, feeding on Aphids ; 



Feltiella acarinivora, feeding on mites ; Contarinia humiili, producing 



galls on hops ; and Inostemma falcata, parasitising gall-midge larvae. 



BuRKHARDT (F.). Beitfage zur Biologic von Tribolium navale, Fabr. 



{ferrugineum, Fabr.). [Contributions to the Biology of T. casta- 



neum.\ — Zeitschr. wiss. Insektenbiol., Berlin, xvii, no. 1-2, 15th 



January 1922, pp. 1-3, 1 fig. 



Tribolium castaneum, Hbst. [navale, F.), which plays a subordinate 



role in Germany as a pest of stored flour and grain, does attack entire 



grains, contrary to the accepted view that only broken ones are 



affected. Injury by the larvae and adults is limited to the germ of 



the grain and has been observed in rye and wheat. An extensive 



infestation of wheat intended for seed may therefore be of some 



importance. 



LovETT (A. L.). The Cherry Fruit Fly [Rhagoletis cingulata, Loew).. 

 —16th Bienn. Kept. Oregon State Bd. Hortic, Portland, 1921, 

 pp. 107-109, 2 figs. [Received 1st June 1922.] 



Infestation of cherries by Rhagoletis cingulata, Lw. (cherry fruit- 

 fly) is becoming more widely spread and more frequent in Oregon. 

 The damage is not generally apparent until the fruit is mature, when 

 discoloration and holes appear on the skin, and the interior is found 

 to be decayed and to contain the larva. The flies are found about 

 8th June, and towards the end of the month young maggots tunnel 

 into the fruit. During late July they leave the fruit and drop to the 

 ground, where they pupate, emerging as adults in the following spring. 



The poison sprays that have been found successful in Canada 

 [cf. R.A.E., A, viii, 413] have been tested for Oregon conditions, and 

 the best formula proved to be \ lb. sodium arsenate with 2| lb. brown 

 sugar or 2 U.S. quarts syrup in 8 U.S. gals, water. AppHcations 

 should be made when the adults first appear, again ten days later and 

 again after another week. The foliage of adjacent shrubs and trees, 

 should also be sprayed. 



