488 



a year in Sapporo. The imago has a habit of massing on flowers of 

 cultivated chrysanthemums. The female oviposits in the groove of 

 the petiole of the food-plant or sometimes on the upper surface of 

 the leaf. Bordeaux mixture with potassium arsenite is recommended 

 as a remedial measure. 



KuwAYAMA (S.) & Kawahara (S.). Kaiafuto ni okeru Matsukemushi 



Sangai Chosa. [A Report on the Ravages of Dendrolimus sibiricus 

 in Sakhalin Forests.]- — Hokkaido Ringyo Kaiho [J I. Hokkaido 

 Forestry Soc.'\, Sapporo, xx, no. 229, 1922, pp. 1-44. 



During the last few years the coniferous forests of Sakhalin have 

 been attacked by Dendrolimus sibiricus, and serious damage was done 

 by this moth in 1921. Data observed directly and gathered indirectly 

 by the authors during the summer of that j-ear are given. The causes 

 of the rapid increase of the caterpillars are also discussed. The 

 affected area in the forests in question up to the end of July 1921 

 was more than 86,000 acres. Of the trees attacked, the most seriously 

 damaged were the two important species, A ties sachalinensis and Picea 

 ajanensis, and these were completely defoliated. 



In studvang the climatic conditions during these years, it was found 

 that in 1919-21 the temperature from April to August was markedly 

 high and the amount of rainfall small as compared with 1918, when 

 the damage was not conspicuous. 



The Sakhalin jay feeds on the young caterpillars, and grouse eat the 

 eggs in considerable numbers. 



Haviland (M. D.). On the Post-embryonic Development of certain 

 Chalcids, Hyperparasites of Aphides, with Remarks on the Bio- 

 nomics of Hymenopterous Parasites in General.^ (^i'r/y. JI. Micros. 

 Sci., London, Ixvi, pt. 2, N.S. no. 262, June 1922, pp. 323-338, 

 7 figs. 



The Pteromalids, Asaphes vulgaris, Wlk., Pachycrepis clavata, Wlk., 

 and Pachyneuron sp., were obtained from cocoons of the Braconid, 

 Aphidius ervi, Hal.,' a parasite of Macrosiphum urticae, Kalt. The 

 development of the egg of Pachyneuron sp. was not observed. The 

 eggs and earh' larval stages of the other two species are indistinguish- 

 able. Oviposition does not occur until the Aphid is dead and the 

 Aphidius has woven its cocoon within the skin of the host. The eggs 

 are deposited singly on the upper surface of the body of the Aphidius 

 larva. Each individual may deposit from thirty to forty, and these 

 hatch in about sixty hours. The host dies a day or two after the 

 larva has begun to feed. Pupation occurs within the cocoon of the 

 Braconid, and lasts from fourteen to sixteen days in the case of 

 Asaphes and Pachycrepis ; in the single case of Pachyneuron observed 

 it only lasted ten days. 



In confinement the adults lived from four to seven days, feeding 

 on the sap from cut leaves and the honey-dew of Aphids. At least 

 two generations a year may occur, depending probably on the number 

 of hosts available. There is no evidence as to how these parasites pass 

 the winter. 



The adoption of revised terms to express the parasitic relations of 

 such species [R.A .£., A, x, 273] is suggested. 



