495 



food-plants attacked, and, where the species concerned is known to be 

 a definite pest, some notes are inchided on outbreaks and the measures 

 taken to combat them. A hst is given of the species dealt with according 

 to the genera of plants attacked, and the legislation regarding Coccids in 

 Egypt is quoted. 



In an appendix eight Coccids found on Citrus spp. in the Jaffa dis- 

 trict, and thirteen found on food-plants other than Citrus in Palestine are 

 recorded. The former comprise : — Chrysomphalus aurantii, Mask., 

 Lepidosaphes beckii, Newm., Parlatoria pergandei, Comst., Ceroplastes 

 floridensis, Comst., Saissetia oleae, Bernard, Coccus [Lecanium) hes- 

 peridum, L., Psendococcus citri, Risso, and Icerya purchasi, Mask. 



Friederichs (K.) & Demandt (E.). Weiteres uber den indischen 



Nashomkafer ( Oryctes rhinoceros, L.). [Further Information on the 

 Indian Rhinoceros Beetle, 0. rhinoceros.] — Zeitschr. angew. Ent., 

 Berlin, viii, no. 2, May 1922, pp. 295-324, 5 figs., 3 plates. 



In the author's monograph, published in 1919, on rhinoceros beetles 

 as pests of the coconut palm [R.A.E., A, viii, 275] it was not possible to 

 give details of the method of attack by Oryctes rhinoceros, L., in Samoa, 

 the records being still in that island. The injury is now described at 

 length. 



Palms of all ages from three months upwards are affected. Injury 

 below the vegetative point or heart is comparatively rare and not 

 directly dangerous, though it affords an entrance to other pests and to 

 water. If much higher than the heart, it seldom extends to the latter, 

 but should putrefaction ensue the heart-leaves may rot and the palm 

 may die. Usually the attack occurs at the level of the heart or slightly 

 above it, and this is very injurious. Direct injury to the heart is not 

 necessary to kill the palm ; a large hole, bored through the inner 

 leaf-bundle 12 or even 16 inches above the heart and permitting 

 moisture and rot to penetrate, is quite sufficient to cause death. Owing 

 to the above three sites of attack being found in Samoa and in the Far 

 East, the rhinoceros beetle is more dangerous there than in Ceylon 

 or than its related species in East Africa. In Ceylon (also perhaps in 

 British India) and in East Africa, onl}' the second form of attack 

 (much higher than the heart) occurs, and the mine usually does not 

 extend as far as the heart. 



The authors have never observed more than one reproductive period 

 in the female. In Samoa the crowiis of injured palms do not become 

 regular breeding-places. An examination of 500 felled palms in Vaitele, 

 of which 5 per cent, were dead and all the remainder were severely 

 injured, failed to reveal any eggs or larvae in the crowns. This is of 

 great importance, as it might be assumed that dying as well as dead 

 palms can contribute to the increase of the pest. Leefmans was the 

 first to pubhsh data on the length of the larval period. His results in 

 Sumatra \R.A .£., A, ix, 46] differ from those obtained in Samoa in 1916- 

 17. The egg stage averages 11 days ; the larval stage, 304 ; the pupal 

 stage, 20 ; and the resting period of the adult, 3 days. In the only two 

 cases noted in Samoa 69 and 78 days elapsed between the emergence of 

 the female and oviposition, so that a very lengthy life-cycle of about 

 411 days results. This does not agree with the rapid increase of 0. 

 rhinoceros in the early years after its introduction (1909-12), and it 

 is noteworthy that in one out of twelve bred specimens development 



