566 



Ravaz (L.). Les Galles phyllox^riques. — Progres Agric. et Vitic, 

 Montpellier, Ixxviii, no. 38, 17th September 1922, pp. 271-272. 



The galls produced by Phylloxera on vines are described, and 

 Balbiani's paint is recommended for controlling infestation [R.A.E., 

 A, ix, 499]. 



Leefmans (S.). Verspreiding van den Bessenboeboek door den Loewak 



{Par ado xur lis hermapJiroditus, Pall.) (tjareuk, moesang). [The 

 Diffusion of the Coffee-berry Borer by Paradoxitriis hermaphrodmis.] 

 — Algemeen Landbonwweekhlad Ned. -Indie, Bandoeng, vii, no. 6, 

 nth August 1922, p. 239. 



An examination of about 5| lb. of coffee seed in the excreta of 

 Paradoxurus hermaphrodites showed that about 1 per cent, was 

 infested by the coffee-berry borer [Stephanoderes hampei], and included 

 8 dead adults, 1 1 newly emerged adults, 8 old adults, 33 living pupae, 

 62 living larvae and 17 eggs. Feeding experiments made by Dr. 

 Dammerman confirm this, and show that all stages of the beetle can 

 pass unharmed through the intestinal canal of this animal, which is 

 thus a factor in spreading the pest. 



Hase (A.). Biologic der Schlupfwespe Habrobracon brevicornis, 

 Wesmael (Braconidae). Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Frage der 

 biologischen Bekampfung von Schadinsekten. [The Biology of 

 H. brevicornis. A Contribution to the Question of the Biological 

 Control of Injurious Insects.] — Arb. Biol. Reichsanst. Forst- ti. 

 Landw., Berlin, xi, no. 2, 1922, pp. 95-168, 33 figs. 



These investigations on Habrobracon brevicornis, Wesm., were made 

 from August to December 1921, being prompted by the occurrence 

 of this Braconid in broods of the meal moth [Ephestia kiihniella, Z.]. 



The breeding of H. brevicornis in large numbers is possible if 

 full-grown larvae of E. kiihniella are available, as it is not limited to 

 any particular season. Fertilised, unfertilised and sterile eggs are laid. 

 The fertilised eggs produce females and the unfertilised ones males. 

 They are laid on crippled larvae or close to them. At 32°-34° C. 

 [89 • 6°-93 • 2° F.] the first larvae appear in half a day ; at a room 

 temperature of 18°-21° C. [64 • 4°-69 • 8° F.] two days, and at 16° C. 

 [60-8° F.] five days are required. Low temperatures, 4°-14° C. 

 [39-2°-57-2° F.] retard hatching up to eight days. Three moults 

 occur, so that there are four larval stages. The larva sucks 

 crippled and dead meal moth larvae ; hitherto it has been incorrectly 

 described as an ectoparasite. According to the temperature the larval 

 stage lasts lJ-5 days. The pupal stage is preceded by a pre-pupal 

 one, and varies from 3 days at 32° C. [89-6° F.] to 14 days at 

 room temperature [64-4°-69-8° F.], while cool weather may prolong 

 it to 30 days. The proportion of males to females was found to be 

 as 3 to 2. Both sexes feed on the host larvae, but the eggs, pupae and 

 adults of E. kiihniella are not attacked, and the larvae only when they 

 are at least 5-6 millimetres long. The females can produce males 

 parthenogenetically for 40 days, and may then be fertihsed normally. 

 The females do not oviposit unless host-larvae of at least 10 millimetres 

 long are present, and unless the temperature is at least 15° C. [59° F.]. 

 The maximum number of eggs per female was 317. Under favourable 

 conditions about 60 per cent, of the deposited eggs give rise to adults 



