624 



In spite of the general distribution of this moth, mass-occurrences 

 are of a purely temporary and local character. It is quite possible 

 for severe injury to be confined to about two acres of a plantation 

 otherwise free from infestation. The natural enemies of D. ceramiciis 

 in Java include woodpeckers, nocturnal birds of prey and predacious 

 ants. A case of parasitism by a Tachinid has been observed. There 

 are no promising means of direct control at present, but a better 

 knowledge of the pest may result in more successful measures being 

 evolved. The capture of the moths by light-traps placed in strongly 

 infested situations and the collection of the larvae and pupae are the 

 onty methods available. Alternative food-plants, such as Spathodea 

 catnpamdata, should not be allowed in or near teak plantations. As 

 regards infested teak trees, these should not be felled in a tall forest 

 unless such removal is justified as thinning out. Infested trees that 

 must be left standing should be removed during a future thinning. 



Beek:\ian (H.). De Djatitermiet (inger-inger), Calotermes tectonae, 

 Dammerman. [The Teak Termite, C. tectonae.] — Meded. Proefst. 

 Boschivezen, Buitenzorg, no. 4, 1919, pp. 21-30, 5 plates. [Received 

 23rd October 1922.] 



Teak trees in Java are often infested by Calotermes tectonae, Damm. 

 It causes enlargements in the trunk, which usually occur between 

 15 and 30 ft. from the ground, though they may be found between 

 6 and 60 ft. As many as six such enlargements may be seen on one 

 tree. Careful examination reveals some small bore-holes at these 

 points, and if the trunk is sawn apart, the wood will be found to be 

 much eaten out. Though the life of the tree is seldom threatened, 

 the value of the timber is very considerably reduced. The local 

 weakening may also result in the tree breaking in the wind. The 

 infestation has been observed in trees ranging from 7 to 80 years old. 



The various forms and stages of C. tectonae (except the egg and the 

 king) are described. Little is known of the life-history of this termite. 

 The vertical mines that link up the various feeding-places (thickenings) 

 have never been seen to go down to the ground, and it is apparent 

 that the tennites bore direct into the tree at some height from the 

 ground. At some points the mines communicate with the open air. 

 No other plants than teak are known to be attacked. A colony will 

 remain for some time in a tree that has died, but there is no record 

 of a direct attack on a dead tree. Natural enemies include various 

 birds and bats. It is possible that woodpeckers destroy this termite. 

 The only direct measures are those that aim at killing C. tectonae in 

 its mines, and as the latter are at some considerable height and the 

 characteristic swelling only occurs when infestation is established, the 

 practical difficulties are great. They may be diminished by thinning 

 out infested trees as much as possible beforehand. An indirect means 

 of restricting the spread of C. tectonae is the interplanting of other 

 trees not attacked by this pest. 



KALSHO^•EN (L. G. E.). De roode Takboorder, Zeuzera coffeae, 

 Nietner, in Boschculturen. [The Red Twig-borer, Z. coffeae, in 

 Forest Plantations.] — Meded. Proefst. Boschwezen, Buitenzorg, 

 no. 4, 1919, pp. 57-65, 2 plates. [Received 23rd October 1922.] 



- In Java the red twig-borer, Zeuzera coffeae, Nietn., occurs between 

 sea-level and about 5,000 ft. It attacks woody plants (tea, cacao, 

 coffee, cinchona and coca — and cotton in British India), such trees 



