THE CONTINENTAL FLORA OF SOUTH SWEDEN 281 



Chapter VIII. 



The Mode of Occurrence of Steppe Species in South Sweden. 



In the list of continental species belonging to the flora of South Sweden in 

 Appendix I the species are arranged according to those types of vegetation in 

 which they seem to occur normally in South-Eastern or Eastern Europe. The distin- 

 guishing of the types of steppe vegetation is made according to Riibel (19 14). 

 The mode of occurrence of species I have studied in many papers on the 

 South Russian vegetation (see the list of literature at the end of the work). For 

 this purpose I have, however, especially made use of the reports in Korshinsky's 

 excellent work on the flora of Eastern Russia (Korshinsky 1898). 



The following remarks should be added with regard to the mode of occur- 

 rence of the species in I>astern Europe: 



1. Meadow steppes have many species in common with xerophilous scrubs or 

 forests, as » steppe woods », dry wood edges, scrubs or woods on dry hillsides etc. 

 Among Swedish species the following are in this work with hesitation classed as 

 steppe species: Crepis praemorsa, Fragaria viridis. Poly gala comosa. Prunella 

 grandiflora. Ranunculus polyanthenios, Seseli libanotis, Trifolium montanum, and 



Viola rupestris: see, for instance, Korshinsky (1. c. pp. 16, 102, 143, 175, 262, 

 and 337), Alechin (1909 and 1910), Krassnov (1894), Paczoski (1904), Novopo- 

 krovskij (1906), Sidorov (1897), Keller (1903), Naumov (1902) etc. 



Concerning Crepis praemorsa. Ranunculus polyanthemos and Seseli libanotis, 

 the fact that they are not so distinctively steppe species is conspicuous in their 

 distribution and mode of occurrence in the rest of Europe. In the highlands of 

 Central Europe they have a rich »montan» distribution, but they are comparatively 

 rare on the North German plain (see Plate 17; cf. Wangerin 1920). 



2. Allium montanum, which has often been confused with A. acutangulum Schrad., 

 occurs in Central Europe, where the distribution is well known, on dry hillsides 

 (it belongs to the »pontische Hugelformationen» of north-eastern Germany, Preuss 

 191 2, Scholz 1905, etc.) or on rocks (e. g. Drude 1885, p. 104). 



It is quoted by Ascherson and Graebner from Southern Russia and by Schmal- 

 hausen (1886) from almost all governments in South-Western Russia, where it is 

 said to be found in sandy or stony places. Korshinsky (1. c. p. 420) says: »in 

 decliviis apricis calcareis vel arenosis.» (Obs. cf. p. 396.) According to Paczosky 

 (1899) it occurs in Volhynia and Kiev in forests on sandy soil together with 

 Calluna vulgaris! Whether the species is a steppe plant must be considered 

 uncertain. Probably it grows chiefly on clifls. 



3. Melica ciliata is generally a cliff plant, yet it belongs to the pure steppe 

 vegetation in South Russia (for instance, Borovikov 1909, Novopokrovsky 1906). 



