34 



some localities. Good results were obtained by means of the bag- 

 treatment, but this method is expensive and involves much labour. 

 Any kind of paper may be used for the preparation of the bags, the 

 best, however, being celluloid paper, and the bags should be sewn, 

 not pasted, otherwise they collapse in rainy weather ; the cost of this 

 method is estimated at about Qs. per 1,000 apples. Spraying operations 

 were conducted experimentally against C. pomonella and Hyponomeuta 

 malinellus in one orchard. The spray consisted of 1 lb. of arsenic 

 boiled with l|-2 lb. of soda in 27 gallons of water, till the solution of 

 the arsenic was complete, after which 5 lb. of hme was added and 

 the whole boiled again for half an hour and made up to 270 gallons 

 with water. Spraying was carried out on 30th May, 9th June, 22nd 

 June and 6th July ; notwithstanding the rainy and windy weather, 

 the results were excellent, the orchard being quite cleared of C. pomon- 

 ella, whereas last year the pest destroyed two-thirds of the crop. In 

 some other orchards Paris green with sal-ammoniac or lime was used 

 (1 oz. of green dissolved in sal-ammoniac in 18 gals, of water or 3 oz. 

 ■of green with hme in 18 gals, of water) and sprayed on 26th May, 

 2nd June, 18th June and 1st July, but the results were not satisfactory 

 so far as C. pomonella was concerned, though H. malinellus was 

 destroyed after three or four days. 



Sevastianov (I.). BnuHiaMiuifl nepcneKTMBbi TypKeciaHCKoii Shtomo- 

 norMHecKOM CraHuiM no HsyHeHiio h 6opb6t Cb fl6/ioMHOM nnoAO- 

 WOpKOM . [The immediate prospects of the Turkestan Entomological 

 Station in the study of and fight against Cydia pomonella.] 

 — « TypKeCTaHCKOe CenbCKOe X03flMCTB0.» [Agriculture of Turke- 

 stan], Tashkent, nos. 8 & 9, August & September 1914, pp. 727-740 

 & 775-792. 

 This article reviews the biology of and methods of controlling Cydia 

 fomonella from data collected in various countries, principally in 

 Russia and North America. The biology of this pest is dealt with 

 especially as regards the adaptability of the various stages of the insect 

 to different local conditions. The imago usually appears at the time 

 of blossoming of apple trees and oviposits two or three days after 

 emergence. In the parts of European Russia to the south of 50*^ 

 N. Lat., where there are two generations yearly, the imago is on the 

 wing during June and in some places even in the beginning of July, but 

 to the north of this line there is only one generation a year, the moths 

 occurring in July. In Turkestan, there are three generations a year, 

 one only being complete and the remaining two more or less partial, 

 the first one appearing in April or even before. It is even probable 

 that four generations may occur in Turkestan and that in warm 

 winters breeding proceeds unbroken throughout the year. Very early 

 caterpillars may feed on leaves or, as has been observed by Sacharov 

 in Astrachan, may get into the shoots, where they behave like Sarro- 

 thripus imiscidana and various Tortricidae. The destruction of this 

 pest all over the world is principally effected in the larval stage and 

 therefore the fact that some individuals remain in this stage over the 

 winter is of great importance. According to data collected at the 

 station, some 17 per cent, of caterpillars of the first generation and some 

 42 per cent, of the second hibernate. The length of the larval stage 

 depends on the temperature and also on the food, and it has been 



