48 



Sweden, and also deals with those known to be useful as their enemies. 

 The introductory chapters deal with the anatomy and biology of the 

 insects, as well as the factors which influence their development 

 and relations with the forests in general. The succeeding chapters 

 deal with the various orders, and a special chapter is devoted to galls, 

 gall-insects and mites. The factors causing outbreaks and the methods 

 of combating insect pests in general are also discussed. The last 

 chapter gives tables showing the damage done to the different trees, 

 according to their age and the parts attacked. The book is amply 

 illustrated with photographs, mostly originals. 



KrrcHUNov (N. I.). PauioHajibHoe flnoAOBOflCTBO. [Rational 

 Fruit-growing] — Supplement to Progressive and Market-Gardening, 

 Petrograd, 1914, 184 pp., 136 figs. 



A chapter of this book is devoted to the description of the most 

 important fungicides and insecticides, and the use of sprayers and 

 such remedies as trap belts, fumigation, powdering with tobacco dust, 

 etc. With regard to the damage done by species of Scolytus, the one 

 effective remedy is to cut down the bark to the bast layer, removing 

 all the damaged parts, and immediately smearing the denuded trunk 

 and branches with a thick coat of lime. This remedy is recommended 

 for the whole of Russia to the South of the government of Kursk ; in 

 the northern governments, where the summer is short, experiments 

 are necessary before this method is applied. Torches in the form 

 of a naphtha lamp on a stick, for destroying the nests of caterpillars 

 remaining on the trees over the winter, are also recommended. 



Plotnikov (V.). Kt» 6ionoriii cochobom nnfleHimbi v\ HtHOTopbixi* 

 en napaSHTOB'b. [On the biology of Bupalus piniarius, L., 

 and of some of its parasites.] Reprint from Revue Russe 

 d'Entomologie, Petrograd, xiv, no. 1, 1914, 21 pp., 8 figs. 



The pupae of Bupalus piniarius used for this investigation were 

 collected in November 1909, and were taken from soil when covered 

 with snow in the Turkum forest of Kurland, where this pest destroyed 

 the pine needles at the end of summer. About 3 per cent, of the 

 pupae collected belonged to another species, Semiothisa {Macaria) 

 liturata, CI., which could only with difficulty be distinguished from 

 those of B. piniarius. In nature, the pupae lie in the earth below 

 a mass of fallen needles and the time of emergence depends on the 

 thickness of this cover and on the amount of shade. The eggs are 

 deposited in lines on the lower side of old needles near the tops of the 

 trees. The whole larval stage in captivity lasted 45 days, and the 

 whole cycle from egg to imago, 3| months. In nature, this process 

 is generally more extended, and in 1910 the imagines were on the 

 wing from the end of April and the first pupae were found on the 8th 

 October. 



The parasites of this pest are dealt with, the first being Lydella 

 nigripes, Fall., which fly is known to parasitise the caterpillars of 

 twenty species of Lepidoptera and of two species of Cephidae. The 

 development of the larvae of this parasite first in the uterus of their 

 parent and then in the gut of the caterpillars of B. piniarius, is des- 

 cribed in detail. Never more than one larva was found in the gut 



