49 



of one host. It is thought that the flies which emerge from hosts 

 pupating in summer, oviposit in the wintering caterpillars, in which 

 their larvae hibernate in their first stage. 



Another parasite which attacks the same host, often to the detriment 

 of the larvae of L. nigripes, is the Ichneumon, Campo'plex oxyacanthae, 

 which attacks the caterpillars of B. piniarius only in the last stage. 

 The mature parasitic larva emerges from the body of the host and 

 weaves a cocoon inside the cradle prepared by it when about to pupate. 

 Incomplete cocoons were found on 10th October in 1910. Another 

 Ichneumonid parasite of B. piniarius, vfhich, according to Schmiede- 

 knecht, also attacks Panolis jlammea {piniperda, Panz.), Hylophila 

 prasina, L., and Anarta myrtilli, L., is Heteropelma calcator, Wesm. 

 The first imagines of this parasite were obtained on 31st July 1910, 

 from pupae of B. piniarius ; they were also taken in the field, mostly 

 flying in copula. The young larvae of this parasite appear to winter 

 inside the pupae of the host. 



The foUowing Ichneumonidae have been reared by Shevirev from 

 pupae of B. piniarius : — Ichneumon nigritarsus, Grav., Z. albicinctus, 

 Grav., 7. ruficeps, Grav., and 7. dissimilis, Grav. These parasites 

 infest only the pupae, and refuse to oviposit on pupating caterpillars. 

 The process of oviposition, the eggs and larvae of these species are 

 described. 



Inside the adult caterpillars some larvae were found, believed to be 

 Platylabu^ cothurnatus, Grav., imagines of which were reared from 

 pupae of B. piniarius. Among 372 caterpillars examined, 14 per cent, 

 were infested with Campoplex, 12 per cent, with L. nigripes, 4 per cent, 

 with both of the above parasites and 2 per cent, with Platylabus 

 cothurnatus. In all the cases of double infections with Campoplex 

 and L. nigripes, only the former survived. The same thing happens 

 in cases of double infections with Campoplex and Heteropelma. 



Sacharov (N.). BonocMcrafl nnA^HHi^a h Mtpa 6opb6bi Cb Heio. 



[Biston hirtarius CI., and methods of fighting it.] — Published by 

 the Entomological Station, Astrachan, 1914, 19 pp., 3 figs., 2 

 tables. 



The caterpillars of Biston hirtarius, CI., in June 1913, did great 

 damage to quince trees in orchards in Astrachan, having in many 

 cases entirely defoliated them. This pest is widely distributed in 

 Russia, and in Saratov and Astrachan the caterpillars are also found 

 on oaks, apple and pear trees. In Astrachan, the imagines appear 

 at the end of March, males being in the majority. The larval stage 

 lasts 55 days and that of the pupa 9J months. Although the cater- 

 pillars of B. hirtarius are said to be polyphagous, in Astrachan they 

 prefer apple, pear, and quince trees, feeding less readily on cherry, 

 apricot, and poplars. 



The pupae are attacked by a Chalcid parasite, which in 1913 

 was responsible for the destruction of from 18 to 22 per cent, of them. 

 The caterpillars and pupae are destroyed by the fungus Botrytis 

 hassiana, Bals., some 16 per cent, of the former and 18 per cent, of 

 the latter perishing from this cause. After the outbreak of 1913, 

 the numbers of this pest in 1914 were not serious, so both these 

 parasites have controlled them. 



(Clio) D 



