76 



winter in their cocoons in the soil. The chief injury is that done 

 to the shoots by the ovipositing females. The remedies include the 

 removal and burning of the attacked shoots before the larvae hatch, 

 the shaking down of the larvae and spraying with Paris green (1 oz. of 

 green, 2 oz. of freshly slacked lime in 9 gals, water) or with a 2 per cent, 

 solution of barium chloride. 



Shaveov (N.). KpOBflHan TJIA BIj UMXMflanpt. [ScMzoneura lanigera 

 in Tzichidzira.]— « riporpecCMBHOe CaflOBOACTBO M OropOAHM- 

 MeCTBO.» [Progressive Fruit-Groiving mid Market-Gardening], 

 Petrograd, no. 41, 25th October 1914, pp. 1262-1263. 



On the Caucasian Black Sea littoral, where the rainfall is heavy and 

 the soil poor in lime, the conditions are very unfavourable for the 

 successful control of Schizoneura lanigera and most of the European 

 varieties of apples cannot survive its attacks there. Only palliatives 

 can be recommended, such as the removal of injured shoots and the 

 mechanical cleansing of the trunks and roots, as well as spraying 

 and washing with boiling water, kerosene, carbolineum, etc. The 

 safest remedy is to destroy the attacked trees. Apples should not 

 be planted in this locality, or at least only local varieties or Canadian 

 rennets. 



GOLOVIANKO (Z.). KTj BOnpOCy JltC0X03flMCTBeHHblXlj MtpaxTj 6opb6bj 

 C"b IwaMCKMIVlM xpymaMM. [On the question of forestry measures 

 against Melolofitha]. Kiev, 1914, 16 pp. 



Amongst the many remedies suggested against the larvae of Melo- 

 lontha, the greatest importance is attached to those which are of a pre- 

 ventive, rather than of a destructive nature, and which aim at mini- 

 mising the damage done. It is impossible to recommend any one 

 remedy of this kind which is effective in every country under all 

 conditions. It is first necessary to establish which of the two species, 

 Melolontha melolontlia, L., {vulgaris, F.), or Melolontha hippocastani, F., 

 is present, and how far its habits are affected by the local climatic and 

 other conditions. Feddersen was the first to point out the differences 

 in the biology and economic importance of the two species and to show 

 that M. melolontha is chiefly a pest of field crops, while 31. hippo- 

 castani, in Prussia and Brandenburg at all events, lives and breeds 

 mostly in forests, though it prefers to oviposit in open places. M. 

 melolontha is found only in the south-western part of Kussia, the 

 eastern limit of its distribution being a line drawn from the Baltic 

 provinces to Caucasia. M. hipjiocastani is present both to the west 

 and east of this line, from Archangel in the north to Ekaterinoslav in the 

 south, and also in Siberia. Thus the prevalent species in the Russian 

 forests is M. hipjwcastani, not M. melolontha. The author's own in- 

 vestigations, conducted from 1909 to 1913 in the governments of 

 PodoHa, Kiev and elsewhere, show that M. hippocastani prefers sandy 

 soils, and M. melolontha heavier and wet, clay soils. Data collected 

 in Podolia confirm the statement that M. melolontha, which is found 

 there almost exclusively, is chiefly a field insect, its larvae being absent 

 in the soil of dense plantations and present in great quantities in large 



