114 



This insect was at first confused with various European species, such as 

 Phytomyza affinis, Fallen, P. lateralis, Fallen, and P. nigricornis, Macq., 

 from which it is now considered distinct. Undei the name Napomyza 

 chrysanihemi, a serious outbreak of it in Milwaukee was reported by 

 Sanders [see this Review, Ser, A, i, p. 55]. The first indications of 

 injury are seen in minute, pale spots on the leaves, which develop 

 into papillae, being generally more numerous on the upper side. 

 These are produced by the female in feeding or ovipositing. The real 

 damage is, however, caused by the larva, which mines beneath the 

 epidermis, mostly of the upper surface of the leaf. The wide dis- 

 tribution of this pest and the large number of commercially grown 

 plants which it attacks enhance its importance. Descriptions of the 

 adult and larva are given. These flies seem to be incapable of long- 

 sustained flight. It was found experimentally that the life of the males 

 ranged from four to thiity days and that of the females from eleven 

 to forty-seven days. The larvae may feed as long as seventeen and 

 eighteen days. Pupation takes place within the larval mine and lasts, 

 as a rule, from thirteen to fifteen days. Until recently, the picking 

 and destruction of the infested leaves was the only control known, 

 inadequate though it was. This insect is best controlled by spraying 

 with nicotine solutions such as " Black Leaf 40," " Nico-Fume " 

 Liquid and " Nicotide," diluted from 400 to 450 times in water, and 

 applied at intervals of eleven or twelve days, or somewhat oftener if 

 the temperature of the greenhouse is higher than that at which mar- 

 guerites are usually kept. Black Leaf 40 should be used with 400 parts 

 of water, at first ; later, especially if the spraying is done regularly, 

 1 part to about from 430 to 450 parts of water, which is the strength 

 at which " Nico-Fume " Liquid is also used. A bibliography of 12 

 works is given. 



Davis (J. J.). The yellow clover aphis. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Bur. 

 Entom., Washington, D.C., Tech. Ser. no. 25, pt. ii, 12th November 

 1914, pp. 17-40, 6 figs., 1 pi. 



The yellow clover aphis, Callipterus trifolii, Monell, is common 

 and sometimes abundant throughout the eastern half of the 

 United States, except possibly in the extreme southern portions, 

 although it has never been considered a pest there and consequently 

 its life-history and habits have been but little studied. Callipterus 

 trifolii was first described by Monell in 1882, and in 1899 Buckton 

 redescribed it under the name of Chaitophorus maculatus from speci- 

 mens collected in India on lucerne. It is probably identical with Aphis 

 ononidis, Kalt., (1846) and if so, this name will have priority. In 

 the United States, the universal food-plant of this species is red clover, 

 Trifolium pratense, but it has also been reared on white clover, T. 

 repens. In 1909, Parks conducted a series of experiments to test 

 the ability of Callipterus trifolii to live on various plants, and it was 

 found to breed without difficulty on alsike, English and mammoth 

 clovers (all species of Trifolium). In India it lives on lucerne, Medicago 

 sativa, but is not reported there on Trifolium. A full description is 

 given of this aphid, of which a number of generations of winged and 

 wingless viviparous females are produced during the summer, the 

 winged sexual forms appearing in autumn. This species does not 



