169 



B. hortorum, B. latreillelus, B. lapidarius, B. sylvarum and B. tenestris. 

 It may also pass naturally to the hive bee, A'pis mellijera, and to 

 Apis Jlorea, and is pathogenic to all of them. The morphology of 

 N. bomhi, in general, resembles that of N. apis. The mode of infection 

 is due to contamination by means of infected food and drink. Larvae 

 became infected in cases were the original pollen mass on M'hich the 

 eggs were laid had been contaminated by the parental excrement. 

 Nosema bombi can pass from one species of bumble bee to another 

 without change of morphology or virulence, but when it reaches 

 hive bees, its pathogenic action is increased. The economic import- 

 ance of Nosema bombi is further connected with the fact that the 

 species of Bombus are essential for the fertilisation of certain plants 

 of agricultural and chemical importance, the red clover being the best 

 known. The dearth of bumble bees due to the action of N . bombi 

 has resulted in less red clover seed in certain districts. Preventive 

 measures include destruction by burning of all dead bumble bees 

 and of the nests of moribund bees, and the prevention of the 

 destruction of healthy nests, more especially by children. 



Iglesias (F.). Cycloneda sanguinea. — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, 

 X, no. 6, 15th December 1914, pp. 434-435, 3 figs. 

 This is a reprint of a portion of an article originally appearing in 

 the Revista do Museo do Ypiranga, in which the author describes 

 Cycloneda (Neda) sanguinea, L., as being of the greatest value in 

 clearing oranges and rose trees of aphids in Brazil. The Cocci- 

 nellids were bred from specimens found on orange trees, and their 

 habits and life-history studied. The eggs are laid on the leaves 

 near to a mass of aphids, which the larvae begin to devour 

 greedily so soon as they emerge. Feeding goes on day and 

 night, and the larvae increase rapidly in size. The larval stage 

 lasts about 15 days, depending somewhat on the food available, 

 and the pupal stage from five to six days. The larva, pupa, and imago 

 are described at length. This species can be bred with great ease 

 on aphis -infested orange or rose trees. A rose tree is so arranged that 

 it may be covered by a frame the sides of which are formed of wire 

 gauze. Infested cuttings from other trees are laid among the branches, 

 and, when the aphids have multiplied sufficiently, the Coccinellids may 

 be introduced into the cage, and if there be plenty of food will increase 

 rapidly. Twigs or branches to which many larvae are attached may 

 then be removed and placed on infested trees in the open. Where 

 large areas of orange or rose trees are in question, gauze cages large 

 enough to cover a whole tree should be used. 



FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Fruit Fly Control. — Hawaiian Forester <& Agric, 

 Honolulu, xi, no. 12, December 1914, pp. 349-350. 



The author collected in August in Nigeria, and has brought to 

 Honolulu, the following parasites of Ceratitis capitata: — Both sexes of 

 Tetrastichus giffardi, Diachasma fallaivayi, Opius sp., and Spalangia 

 sp. ; also one undetermined Eucoila. 



From TenerifEe : — Three specimens of an undetermined, metallic 

 Chalcid ; also maggots and pupae of C. capitata parasitised by 

 Tetrastichus. 



(C144) B 



