189 



Paillot (A.). La Mouche du Chou et la Mouche de I'Olgnon. [The 

 cabbage fly and the oniou fly.] — Bull. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, 

 Bordeaux, xiii, no. 8, August 1914, pp. 130-132, 1 fig. [Received 

 8th March 1915.] 



The main portion of this paper has already been abstracted [see this 

 Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 1]. As Chortophila brassicae also feeds on certain 

 wild Cruciferae, especially Barharea praecox [winter rocket], black 

 mustard, and Capsella bHrsa-pastoris [shepherd's purse], such 

 plants should be destroyed, at least in the vicinity of cabbage fields. 

 Many of the pupae hibernate close to the roots of the cabbage and 

 the as yet untransformed larva will be killed if the roots are torn up 

 and destroyed, while rather deep ploughing in spring will bury the 

 pupae. To prevent serious damage to onions by Hylemyia antiqua, 

 planting should be deferred until about the end of April. The adult 

 flies, which appear rather early, will then lack plants on which to 

 deposit their eggs. An early-planted trap crop will attract most of 

 them and it should be destroyed on the appearance of the first larvae. 

 Crop rotation is indispensable. Preventive measures include the use 

 ■of tarred paper disks and of chemicals. The soil may be watered with 

 an emulsion prepared as follows : 2 lb. of black soap is dissolved 

 in 7 pints of boiling water ; when cool, 1 lb. of crude phenic acid 

 should be added and the mixture stirred until it emulsifies ; for use, 

 1 part of the emulsion is added to 30 parts of water. Several appli- 

 cations are necessary ; the first when the young plants appear — 

 in the case of the onion — and when the young plants have just been 

 moved — in the case of the cabbage. The second application must 

 be made 4 or 5 days later and subsequent ones at intervals of a week. 

 Another method consists of covering the ground with a thick milk of 

 lime (obtained by slaking quicklime with a sufficient quantity of water 

 and adding about a spoonful of phenic acid to every 2 quarts of the 

 fluid) which forms a protective crust. Carbon bisulphide injections 

 are only useful in the case of cabbage and cauliflower beds. 

 Potassium sulphocarbonate is a useful substitute for carbon bisulphide. 



FKYT.A.UD (J.). Sur la mortality des Kud6mis pendant I'hlver. [The 

 winter mortality of Polychrosis botrana.] — Bull. Soc. Etude Vulg. 

 Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xiii, no. 12, December 1914, pp. 189-196, 

 [Received 8th March 1915.] 



Many eggs of Polychrosis botrana abort in spring owing to the 

 difference between the date of oviposition and that on which the vine 

 inflorescences are in favourable condition, many are killed by the 

 ■great summer heats before they mature, whilst others are destroyed 

 by chemical sprays. The excessive heat and dryness of some summers 

 kill the larvae, the pupae and even the adults. Abnormal tempera- 

 ture in February and March hastens the hatching out of the winter 

 pupae and the resultant adults die without progeny. The cold spells 

 of spring and autumn retard the development of the insects and 

 hinder oviposition. Humidity is of considerable importance in fostering 

 bacterial and fungous diseases, such as those due to Beauvcria 

 and Spicaria. These are particularly contagious in autumn, as 

 humidity is more constant at that season and also because the 



