198 



and useful, and can be done by children if paid for by weight, but as the 

 object is to prevent the spread of the moths, the catching of them 

 on the outer borders of woods and plantations should be done by 

 trustworthy men on a daily wage. In the beech wood at Elspeet, 

 itlwas estimated that 4 million caterpillars at least were collected 

 from 6th to 28th October, at a cost of £8 ; nevertheless large numbers 

 of pupae were found late in November. 



KiTZEMA Bos (J.). Ziekten en beschadigingen veroorzaakt door 

 Dieren : Insecta. [Diseases and damage caused by animals : 

 Insects.]— Meded. R. Hoogere Land, Tuin en Boschhouwsch., 

 Wagenigen, vii, nos. 2 & 3, 1914, pp. 67-95. 



Otiorrhynchus picipes, ¥., is reported as having damaged roses and 

 the grafts of fruit trees. Grapes were also attacked, and it is noted 

 that while the Frankenthaler variety suffered, Black Alicante in the 

 same cold house was untouched. Beech and birch in nurseries at 

 Oudenbosch were also damaged by this insect, the leading shoot of 

 the young trees being specially attacked. It was found that great 

 quantities of the beetles could be easily collected at night from a 

 large raspberry plot with a lantern and an open umbrella. Sticky 

 belts are recommended to prevent the beetles from climbing the trees. 

 Cneorrhinus gerninatus, F., damaged peas, rhubarb and budded roses ; 

 the same methods of control are recommended as for Otiorrhgnchus. 

 Sitones lineatus did great damage to beans. Melolontha rnelolontha 

 {vulgaris) killed large numbers of Lathyrus (everlasting pea) ; holes 

 about 4 inches deep and 5 or 6 inches apart, and not too close to the roots, 

 should be made, filled with benzine, and closed at once. Cossus cossus 

 {ligniperda) has done great damage to oaks at Diepenveen near 

 Deventer. The worst attacked trees were felled and the bore- holes 

 in others treated with carbon bisulphide or benzine, which it was 

 hoped would also prevent the moths from ovipositing. Trees of 

 about 6 feet in height were sprayed with 3 per cent, milk of lime, as 

 the moths are more easily detected on the whitened trees and the 

 lime appears to deter them from ovipositing. The caterpillars of 

 Hepialus lupulinus, L., seriously attacked syringas, clematis and 

 peonies in pots at Boskoop ; a similar outbreak occurred at the same 

 place in 1905. It was found by experiment that a minimum of 

 12 cc. of benzine was required, and the same quantity was neces- 

 sary for the much smaller clematis pots, possibly owing to the more 

 rapid escape of the benzine through the smaller quantity of earth ; 

 the plants did not suffer in the least. Hydroecia micacea, Esp., was 

 bred from a caterpillar obtained from a " wormy " apple. The other 

 food-plants of this species are strawberries, beetroot, potato sl^ems, 

 tomatoes (in England) and barley. Great numbers of Bupalus 

 piniarius, L., appeared near Khenen in the summer. The females, 

 which fly in May and June, lay their eggs in groups in cracks on the 

 underside of the needles of the previous year. The larvae hatch at 

 the end of June and are full-grown in September, when they let 

 themselves down to the earth by a silk thread and make a web covering 

 for themselves under the fallen leaves on the soil, pupating about 



