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January. As the feeding begins when the needles are fully grown 

 and the buds of the next year formed, the damage done is generally 

 not very great, and if the winter be hard, large numbers are killed. 

 Eucosma (Grapholita) ocellana, Schiff., has done great damage in a 

 pear-tree nursery. As this insect almost always passes the winter in 

 the egg stage, spraying the trees in winter with 6 per cent, carbohneum 

 is recommended, and from reports received the method is strikingly 

 successful. Laurus nohilis and rhododendrons suffered greatly from 

 leaf-miners which proved to be Batodes (Capua) angustiorana, Haw. 

 This is a pest of apricots in the South of England, but is probably a 

 South European moth, as it has not yet been found in Germany ; 

 it is, as yet, an uncommon pest in Holland. It does more damage to 

 laurel than to rhododendrons, first mining and then skeletonising the 

 leaves, and may be checked by cutting off such leaves and burning 

 them. In April, mined and rolled leaves of Azalea indica were sent 

 to the station ; two moths bred from cocoons there were determined 

 as a species of Gracilaria. In July and August other species of azalea 

 received direct from Japan were found to be attacked in the same 

 way and moths were bred from the caterpillars and proved to be 

 Gracilaria zachryoa, Meyr. {azaleella, Brants). Spraying the leaves with 

 insect powder in soapy water was found useful, but the dry powder 

 had no effect. Paris green was not satisfactory ; the best plan is to 

 cut off and burn the affected leaves. Zophodia {Phycis) convolutella, 

 Hiibn., has been found on black currants and gooseberries. The insects 

 are on the wing in May and lay their eggs separately on the twigs ; 

 the larvae feed till July and then pupate under the soil and hibernate 

 there, though there is some evidence of hibernation as an imago. 

 The damage done is not very serious, but requires control, and the 

 best plan is to pluck and burn all damaged berries. In the case of 

 gooseberries and black currants it is better to shake the twigs, as the 

 larvae then drop on a silk thread and can be caught. Thorough 

 stirring of the soil under the bushes in winter turns up the pupae, when 

 poultry and birds can find them. Among hymenopterous pests, 

 Lophyriis rufus, Klug, was reported to have stripped a large number 

 of firs at Swalmen near Roermond. The larvae of this insect may 

 be mistaken for those of L. jjyri, L., which are more dangerous, as 

 L. rufus has only one generation in the year. The damage done by 

 species of Lophyrus is very characteristic ; until the larvae are half 

 grown they eat the margins of the needles, leaving the midrib sticking 

 out like a wire ; the older larvae eat the whole needle. The damage 

 is confined to fir plantations and related varieties of Pinus, and 

 generally the weaker and less vigorous trees are attacked in open, 

 sunny situations. Spraying with lead arsenate and Paris green gives 

 good results against the larvae ; raking and turning over the debris 

 on the ground in winter exposes the cocoons and kills the hibernating 

 larvae, and this is greatly assisted by the use of quicklime. 



Dipterous pests included Contarinia [Cecidomyia) trilici, Kirby, and 

 Setodiplosis mosellana, Gehin (C. aurantiaca, Wagn.). It is generally 

 stated that the larvae of the former pupate in the ground and those 

 of the latter in the ears of the wheat, covering themselves with a 

 transparent wrapping in which they hibernate. According to 

 J. C. H. de Meijere, near Groningen both species pass the winter in 

 the earth, and according to Kieffer the larvae which remain 



