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from some of which the Ichneumon, Angitia armillata, Grav., and a 

 Chalcidid were reared. Spraying with Paris green while the cater- 

 pillars are still young and their web small, and the removal of the 

 nests of the caterpillars from the trees by means of a special stick 

 in May and June are recommended. Aporia crataegi has also done 

 great damage in some orchards. In some cases, as many as 40 per 

 cent, of the caterpillars and pupae were parasitised by the Braconids, 

 Apanteles spurms, Wesm., and A. glomeratus, L., and also by some 

 species of Tachinids. This pest mostly injured apple-trees, but 

 also pear, bird-cherry, and sorb trees [Pyrus sorhus]. Malacosoma 

 neustria was also present, although less widely distributed. Cydia 

 pomonella occurred in great numbers, apparently in two generations, 

 an early spring and an autumn one. It is estimated that this pest is 

 responsible for the loss of from 30 to 40 per cent, of the yield of apples, 

 either directly or by providing favourable conditions for the growth 

 ■of the fungus Monilia fructigena. Psylla mali figures prominently 

 among the pests and even occupies the first place in some districts. 

 Remedies against the eggs consist of spraying with a mixture of from 

 1 to 2 lb. iron sulphate, about | lb. of rye meal, or even better, 2 to 3 

 spoonfuls of joiner's glue, in 2 J gallons of water, in spring, before the 

 swelling of the buds, and repeating it in a day or two ; against the 

 nymphs, spraying with quassia, kerosene emulsion, tobacco extract 

 or decoction, when they have not yet penetrated into the buds ; and 

 against the imago, fumigation with tobacco smoke, before ovisposition. 

 Lepidosaphes ulmi is mostly found on old trees, but is not considered 

 a serious pest. Chionaspis furfura, which attacks currants, is more 

 dangerous ; red currants in one orchard were not affected by this 

 scale. The smearing of the bushes in winter with kerosene emulsion, 

 and in spring with a mixture consisting of 20 lb. of crude carbolic 

 acid and 20 lb. of soap in 27 gallons of water, is recommended. Anthon- 

 omus pomorum does damage in some districts amounting to 50 per 

 ■cent ; notwithstanding the intense heat of the summer, weevils were 

 found underneath the bark of trees as early as 17th July, having 

 evidently retired for the winter, which shows that trap-belts must 

 be put on not later than the first half of July. The sawfly, Hoplocampa 

 testudinea, was found in the larval stage on 18th June in one orchard, 

 the damage done being estimated at 10 per cent. Eriocampoides 

 limacina {Eriocampa adumbrata) was observed in small numbers in 

 the larval stage on cherry leaves in the first half of August. A Chalcid 

 parasite, not identified, has been observed to damage young apple 

 trees, mostly near the roots. The following insects have a secondary 

 importance in orchards : Episema (Diloba) coeruleocephala, L. ; 

 Acronycta tridens, Schiff. ; A.psi, L. ; Hemeropkila (Simaethis) pariana, 

 ■01. ; Luperus Jkivipes, L. ; Rhynchites pauxillus, Germ. ; Pteronus 

 (Nematus) ventricosus, Kl., on red and white currants, but not on 

 black ; and Byturus tomentosus, F. 



Pests of market gardens included : Phyllotreta nemorurn, L. ; 

 P. atra, L. ; Haltica oleracea, L. ; Pieris brassicae, L. ; P. rapae, L. ; 

 P. napi, L. ; Barathra [Mamestra) brassicae, L., against which hand- 

 picking the caterpillars was tried, but spraying with Paris green found 

 to be preferable ; Plutella macxdipennis {cruciferarum) of which it is 

 thought that three generations occur ; and the cabbage fly, Chortophila 

 brassicae, Bouche, the larvae of which injured some 40 per cent, of 



