224 



emulsion. Abies concolor (American silver fir), suffered from the 

 galls of Eriophyes pint, Nal. var. floricola, Trott. The leaves 

 of lilacs were injured by Gracilaria syringella, F.; plum and 

 currants by Pteronus ribesii {Nematus ventricosus), and Myzus ribis, 

 and black currants by larvae of Incurvaria {Tinea) capitella, while 

 Ribes alpinum leaves were injured by Eriophyes scaber, Nal. Poplar 

 trees were damaged by galls of Pemphiyus bursarius, L., and by 

 Chaitophorus populi, L. Apple trees were injured by Psylla 7nali, 

 P. pyricola, Schizoneura lanigera, Aphis pomi, Cydia povioneMa, 

 Hyponomeuta malinellus, Coleophora hemerobiella, Lyonetia clerkella, 

 Anihonomus pomorum, Rhynchites pauxillus, R. auratus, Limonius 

 minutus, and Lepidosaphes nlmi. 



ViTKovsKY (N.). BpeAMienM m 6ont3HM pacieHiM, HaSniOflaeujiecfl 

 Bi» Tenenie 1913 rofla bij Beccapa6cHo»i rySepHin. [Pests and 



diseases of plants, observed during 1913 in the government of 

 Bessarabia.] Reprint from « TpyAbI Beccapa6CKaro OSmeCTBa 

 ECTeCTBOMCnblTaTeJieil. [Memoirs of the Bessarabian Society of 

 Naturalists], Kishinev, 1914, 43 pp. 



In the spring of 1913, serious outbreaks of Aporia crataegi, Hypono- 

 meuta malinellus, H. variabilis and also of an unidentified Lepidopterous 

 pest occurred in Bessarabia. The caterpillars of the last-named appeared 

 in the middle of April, and it was thought that they hatched on oak 

 and elm trees and, having defoliated these, passed on to the adjoining 

 orchards, where they attacked chiefly apple and plum, less frequently 

 pears, and to a still less degree, quinces. 



Amongst Lepidopterous pests, Cydia pomonella, L., was one of the 

 chief. The moths were on the wing after the 10th May, the cater- 

 pillars of the next generation pupating in the first half of July, while 

 those of the second began to prepare to hibernate in the first half of 

 of October. Becently, the bag treatment is gradually being adopted, 

 the bags being made from parchment paper at a cost of 6s. 8d. for 

 1,000 trees. This treatment leads to an increase in the weight of 

 the individual fruits, if bags of a particular colour, differing for various 

 fruits, are used. According to Liubimenko, this is to be attributed to 

 the influence of light on the development, shading from direct sun- 

 light producing heavier and better quality fruit. Cydia {Grapholitha) 

 funebrana, Tr., and Cydia {Carpocapsa) putaminana, Stgr., were not 

 found in large numbers. Aporia crataegi, L., totally defoliated plum, 

 apple and pear trees in many localities, but apparently apricot and 

 cherry are less frequently attacked. The caterpillars of the second 

 generation were more numerous than those of the hibernating one, 

 but about 42 per cent, of the pupae perished from fungus diseases 

 and parasites, the most common amongst the latter being Pimpla 

 instigator, F. 



Hyponomeuta malinellus and H. variabilis appeared in enormous 

 numijers, the latter attacking only plums. According to some authors, 

 outbreaks of H. malinellus are controlled by the amoimt of moisture 

 and rain, dry weather being the most favourable to their multiplication, 

 but the author's observations during the last three years, prove 

 directly the opposite, viz., that wet years assist the increase of this 



