235 



pests are applicable and profitable among peasant cultivators in the 

 government of Moscow, are described. The work was conducted 

 in a peasant orchard, containing apple and pear trees and bush fruit. 

 The cost of the materials for remedies necessary to control such 

 pests of apple trees as Anthonomus pomoruni and Psylla mali amounted 

 to about ^\d. a tree, the figure rising to l\d. if the cost of controlling 

 Cydia pomonella is added. Considering that the average yearly profit 

 of an apple tree amounts to about 25., and adding to the above the 

 value of the work, time etc., a net profit of about 5d. per tree should 

 remain. Although small, this profit may still induce the peasants to 

 apply various remedies. With regard to the control of By turns 

 iomentosus, F., by means of removing infested raspberries and the 

 destruction of the larvae issuing from them, it is pointed out, that for 

 the success of this simple remedy, it is essential that the peasants 

 should have confidence both in the cause of the injury, as explained 

 to them by the Entomologists, and in the remedies recommended, 

 which is frequently not the case. The present degree of profitableness 

 of local peasant orchards does not allow of an individual campaign 

 against pests ; successful results will only be attained if applied by all 

 the owners in a given locality. It is hardly possible to make the 

 application of remedies compulsory in the present state of the economic, 

 social and intellectual development of the peasants, but the influence 

 of the elementary schools and of the local agricultural bodies, must 

 be utilised to educate them in the importance of this point. The 

 author replying to various questions, stated that it is necessary to 

 spray at least twice against Psylla mali, and that he had found larvae 

 of Byturus Iomentosus only in the fruits of raspberr}^ and dewberry. 



KuRDJUMov (N. v.). Kts Bonpocy o HanpaB/ieHin pa6oT"b 3HTOMOJiorM- 

 HeCKMXlj CiaHUiM. [On the question of the direction of the work 

 of Entomological Stations.] pp. 84-93. 



The author contends that at present Economic Entomologists are 

 apt to devote themselves too exclusively to the study of the biology 

 of various insect pests, and advocates the necessity of paying more 

 attention to researches on the plants affected. He considers that the 

 best methods of controlUng insects must be based on an accurate 

 knowledge of the nature of the injuries to the plants, of the way in 

 which the plants react to these injuries generally, and particularly 

 under various conditions of cultivation, etc. The importance of 

 zoological research in Applied Entomology is not denied, and this 

 must be brought to an even higher level, but at the same time it is of 

 the first importance that the plant itself should be studied from an 

 entomological point of view. 



In the course of his own work in the Entomological Branch of the 

 Poltava Agricultural Experiment Station, one of the first questions 

 with which the author had to deal was the determination of the 

 influence of various methods of cultivation upon the degree of infesta- 

 tion of grain by various pests. In order to formulate the comparative 

 results it was necessary to devise some method of arriving at a reliable 

 index of infestation. Here a serious difficulty at once arose, for it was 

 found that different samples from the same area yielded widely different 



(C160) b2 



