250 



TuLLGREN (A.). Vara spinnmalar och deras bekampande. [Our ermine 

 moths and the methods of controlling them.] — Centralanst. for 

 JordbruJcsforsok, Medd. no. 110, StockJiolm, Entom. Avd. no. 21, 

 1915, 23 pp., 16 text figs. 



In Sweden, seven species of ermine moths occur, only four of which 

 do damage to cultivated plants. These are Hyponomeuta euonymellus, 

 L., H. cognatellus, Hb., H. padellus, L., and H. maUnellus, Z. The 

 author gives the characteristics of each species, their larvae and pupae. 

 In the larva of H. euonyinellus, the subdorsal spots of the first eight 

 abdominal segments are more or less divided into two and not con- 

 tiguous to the hair spots. In the other species, the subdorsal spots 

 are simple and contiguous to the hair spots, but in H. cognatellus the 

 latter are larger than in the others. The author gives biological data 

 regarding the different species, and their geographical distribution 

 in Sweden. The only species of real economic importance is H. 

 malhiellus, but this insect seems to be restricted to the southern part 

 of the country, from Skane to Upland. The hawi:horn moth {Scy- 

 thropia crataegella, L.) has been observed repeatedly on apples during 

 recent years. In one instance, several trees were completely covered 

 by their webs. This species has only once been recorded previously 

 from fruit trees, viz., on a pear tree in Germany. The observations 

 of the author, although not complete, show that the newly hatched 

 larvae mine in great numbers in small blotch mines in the leaves. 

 Later they attack the leaves from the surface and spin them together. 

 There are two generations a year, and the eggs probably hibernate. 



The spray, Cooper's V2 fluid, was employed against the larvae when 

 they had emerged and were about to enter the buds. All the larvae 

 that were touched by the spray died, but as they did not all appear 

 at the same time, only part of them could be killed by one application. 

 On the 8th April, part of a hedge of bird-cherry which had during recent 

 years been repeatedly defoliated was sprayed with lime-sulphur spray 

 (1 part to 5 and 7 parts of w^ater) before the buds had burst ; on the 

 2nd May, numerous colonies of larvae were found. Another part of 

 the hedge was sprayed on the 15th April with 8 per cent, carbolineum 

 emulsion ; on the 2nd May no larvae at all were to be seen, and on 

 examination of the egg-shells a great number of dead larvae were found. 

 On July 3rd to 4th, colonies were found in the interior of the hedge, 

 where evidently the spraying had not been so thorough. During 

 the whole summer, however, a striking difference could be noticed 

 between the part of the hedge sprayed with carbolineum and the 

 imsprayed part, the latter being completely defoliated. 



As a summer spray, lead arsenate was employed (60 grams to 11 

 litres of water) in the beginning of June ; on the 9th June several 

 dead larvae were found and in the course of the month all the larvae 

 succumbed. 



TuLLGREN (A.). Drivhusvaxternas fiender. 1, Skadeinsekter pa 



chrysanthemum. [Insect enemies of hothouse plants. 1. Enemies 



of Chrysanthemums.] — Tradgdrden, Stockholm, no. 1, January 



1915, pp. 9-12, 4 figs. 



In Sweden, chrysanthemums in hot-houses are attacked by Phyto- 



myza afflnis, Fall., and P. geniculata, Macq., the damage being chiefly 



