258 



among young trees. Detailed descriptions of all stages of this insect 

 are given. The original food-plant or plants are not known, but the 

 adults feed on apple, prune, cherry, pear, quince, peach, plum, wild 

 crab-apple, hawthorn, currant, gooseberry, and hazel. Other 

 deciduous trees are fed upon to some extent, especially willow. 

 Cultural methods of control do not seem to be of any avail, as the 

 insects prefer cultivated to uncultivated ground ; turning the larvae 

 or the pupae to the surface during winter and early spring is barely 

 possible, owing to the depths to which they penetrate, and though 

 keeping the orchard under turf might discourage egg-deposition, this, 

 practice might be detrimental to the trees. Spraying has not yet 

 been found to be profitable, as the injury seems insufficient to warrant 

 the cost of a spray that would destroy the beetles, though, according 

 to growers, this insect is causing more damage each year. Arsenate 

 of lead at ordinary strengths is not of much value. In strengths of 

 4 lb. to 50 U.S. (41| Impl.) gallons of water, it will kill the beetles if 

 they eat it, but it has been noticed that they avoid parts heavily coated 

 with spray. In the case of apple, this spray may be applied with 

 the pink scab spray ; with pears, cherries, and other fruits, just after 

 the petals fall. Lime-sulphur and Bordeaux mixture are more or 

 less useful as deterrents, but do not warrant practical applications 

 for control of this pest. Young grafts may be covered with cheese- 

 cloth sacks from April to mid- June. 



Wilson (H. F.) & Moznette (G. F.). The Bud Moth, Tmetocera 

 ocellana, Schiff. ; pp. 102-108, 5 figs., 1 table. 



A brief summary of the distribution and history of Eucosma 

 {Tmetocera) ocellana is given. About 1st April, the young larvae begin 

 to feed on the tissues inside the opening flower and leaf-buds of pear, 

 apple, prune, cherry, etc., frequently stopping further development. 

 A short tunnel is often made in the centre of the shoot itself, causing 

 the twig to die back for several inches, this form of injury being some- 

 times taken for fire-blight. The later larvae do not burrow in at the 

 base of the buds, but work into the centre of opening buds and mat 

 them together with silken threads, the adjoining flowers and leaves 

 being eventually fastened in a nest, within which the insect remains, 

 when not feeding. In older trees, all injured twigs can be pruned out, 

 but on young trees one or more of the main branches may be sufficiently 

 injured to spoil the uniformity of the head. The larvae, which 

 appear in spring, develop into moths by June. Eggs are laid 

 in June and July and the young larvae begin to hatch in July, 

 when, instead of gathering the leaves together in a nest, they feed on 

 the underside of the leaf next to the main rib and larger veins. The 

 upper leaf-surface is not eaten. In September, the larvae all make 

 their way to the twigs and build cocoons in which they hibernate. 

 At CorvalUs, Oregon, there is only one generation each year. Each 

 stage of the insect is described at length. 



There is a choice of three spraying periods : first, in the spring ; 

 second, in the summer; and third, about 1st September. In the 

 case of apples and pears, the sprays as applied for codling moth, 

 should suffice for bud moth, if the undersides of the leaves are wetted. 

 The applications made about 25th June for the first generation of codling 



