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do not change colour in the same autumn and do not drop, consequently 

 the injury is not very apparent at that time. Subsequently, the 

 needles turn yellow, but generally remain in the webs spun by the 

 larvae and form the so-called nests. The larva measures 9 mm. iii 

 length, and is easily recognised by the two light red paradorsal bands. 

 The colour is light green, with the head, the prothoracic and 

 anal shield and the legs brown. All the hairs are surrounded by small 

 dark spots. The injury caused by Enarmonia {Grapholitha, Epi^- 

 notia) nanana, Tr., is exactly similar to that caused by E. tedella, 

 but it occurs in the spring, and on this account it is much more 

 dangerous. Mined needles were observed in the middle of May 

 in small numbers, and from this it is concluded that the eggs hibernate. 

 •The larva is pale, dirty yellowish and 8 mm. long, with a black head, 

 brown prothoracic shield and yellow anal shield. It has no 

 paradorsal bands nor spots around the hairs, and is therefore easily 

 distinguished from the larva of E. tedella. In 1913, this species damaged 

 spruce in the vicinity of Kve Lake in Norway and at Frostviken in 

 Sweden. Many trees were completely defoliated, but in spite of this, 

 the buds developed quite normally. Argyresthia illuminafella, Zell., 

 has not been investigated since 1830, when Saxesen studied it, the 

 results appearing in Ratzeburg's work on forest insects. Damaged 

 buds of spruce were observed in May in the vicinity of Stockholm. 

 The buds were hollowed out and filled with excrement, and in the 

 terminal bud the pupa was discovered lying with the head pointing 

 towards the base of the shoot. Generally, the needles in the terminal 

 part of the shoot had dropped. The moth emerged in the latter half 

 of June. The damage caused by this moth differs considerably- 

 according to the age of the tree. On young trees, 20-40 years old, 

 only the terminal shoot is destroyed, but on the buds of the l6wer 

 branches of older trees a part of the axis is also hollowed out, the 

 length of the destroyed part depending on the size of the buds, which 

 proves that the larva attacks the buds first and subsequently the 

 axis in case of need. On the terminal shoots of younger trees the axis 

 is not injured, but a narrow winding gallery is always noticed in the 

 bast. At the end of the gallery in the axis there is a circular hole', 

 made by the larva before returning to the terminal bud in order to 

 ■pupate ; through this hole the moth emerges, the pupa case remaining 

 in the bud. The moth has not previously been recorded from Sweden, 

 but is undoubtedly common there, damage having been recorded in 

 1914, both from the north of Jamtland and from Vesterbotten. The 

 larva of Tortrix {Cacoecia) piceana, L., at first attacks the single pine 

 needles much in the manner of a Coleophora, but soon spins two needles 

 together and attacks them from the interior of the tube thus formed. 

 It hibernates in a tube made of six or eight needles. In 1914, the larva 

 was observed feeding as late as the 20th of October. The following 

 spring it attacks the needles and spins them together with the young 

 shoots, which are often injured. At the end of May pupation takes 

 place, and the moth appears in the middle of June. The young larvae 

 of Rhyacionia {Evetria) resinella, L., attack the needles, entering through 

 a hole at the base of the shoot and devouring the base of the needles 

 more or less completely. The needles turn yellow, and it is thus very 

 easy to recognise the presence of the larvae early, before they have 

 started making galls. 

 (C161) b2 



