292 



Exoteleia {Heringia) dodecella, L.* The moths appear in June, 

 and the young larvae mine in the terminal part of the pine 

 needles and hibernate in a needle, after having spun over the hole and 

 clothed the mine with silk. At the end of April or the beginning of 

 May, the larvae leave their hibernating quarters, having previously 

 fed on the remainder of the needle, and attack the young shoots. 

 They spin a silken tube between the base of the needles, which 

 soon becomes quite white, being encrusted with resin. By this 

 tube it is easy to recognise at once the attack of this species. It was 

 previously only recorded from Scania, Smaland and Gothland, but is 

 undoubtedly widely spread in Sweden, the author having found it 

 wherever he has had any opportunity of looking for it, for example, in 

 the vicinity of Stockholm, the archipelago of Stockholm and Malaren, as 

 well as in Dalarne. On young pines at Sandham, as many as 50 per cent, 

 of the shoots were often destroyed. Cedestis gysselinella, Dup., mines 

 in the pine needles from the base towards the top. The mine is 

 30-35 mm. long and one needle suffices for one larva, which leaves the 

 needle at the beginning of June, pupae being found in a loose cocoon 

 betw^een the needles in the middle of June, and the moths emerging 

 at the end of June and the beginning of July. There is only one 

 generation a year. The larvae of Dyscedestis farinatella, Dup., and of 

 Ocnerostoma finianella, Zell., also mine in the pine needles, but the 

 eggs are laid near the top of them and the larvae mine towards the 

 base. The mines are quite similar, but the method of pupation is 

 difierent, Ocnerostoma spinning together a couple of needles to form 

 a narrow tube, whereas Dyscedestis is said to descend to the ground 

 in order to pupate and spins a double cocoon. The author has been 

 nnable to ascertain where pupation takes place, but the cocoon, spun 

 in captivity, w^as of the shape previously described by v. Nolcken. 

 There are two generations a year, probably in both species. The larvae 

 ■do not lie dormant during hibernation, but were observed to feed in 

 the beginning of February, at Karlsborg, when the temperature was 

 about 42° F. 



The larvae of all species and the pupae of most of them are minutely 

 described and figured. 



Trabut (L.). Pour §conomiser le cuivre. [A method of saving copper.] 

 — Bidl. Agric. Alger. Tun. Maroc, Algiers, xxi, no. 1, January 

 1915, pp. 4-6. 



It has been beheved that Bordeaux mixtures contaming less than 

 1 per cent, of copper sulphate are inefficient. S. Martmi, however, 

 recommends a formula used by him since 1895, which is extensively 

 adopted in Tuscany and Piedmont and is based on the addition of 

 alum to a Bordeaux mixture containing 0'4 per cent, of copper sulphate. 

 The formula is as follows, parts being by weight : copper sulphate 

 4 parts, alum 4 parts, lime 5 parts, water 1,000 parts. Owing to the 

 present scarcity of copper, it appears more prudent to weaken the 

 spray rather than reduce the number of applications. The " Martini 



* Mr. J. H. Durrant informs us that the generic name Heringia, Splr. 

 (1910), cannot stand, as the type. E. dodecella, is also the type of Exoteleia, 

 Wlgin. (1881). Unfortunately Spuler has proposed a number of new 

 genera for which older generic names are available. — Ed, 



