294 



varieties like Early Eichmond and early sweet cherries are almost 

 exempt from injury, but all later sour and sweet cherries are infested, 

 especially Montmorency and Morello. Owing to the presence of white 

 cross-bands on its abdomen it is proposed to call R. cingulata the white- 

 banded cherry-fruit fly, and R.fausta the black-bodied cherry fruit-fly 

 on account of its entirely black abdomen. The flies of the latter species 

 appear on the trees about a week earlier than those of the former, 

 which are usually seen in Niagara about 11th June. They probably 

 live for about three weeks on an average. R. fausta disappears from 

 the orchard about two. weeks before the white-banded species. Ovipo- 

 sition takes place 10 or 12 days after emergence and in the meantime 

 the flies feed on the surfaces of the leaves and on the juice of injured 

 cherries when these become ripe. The eggs hatch in about 5 days 

 and the larvae attain full growth in about 14 days. On leaving the 

 fruit, they pupate in the soil about an inch below the surface. In 

 this form they remain dormant until the next June, when the adults 

 emerge. Cultivation of orchards does not help to control the insects, 

 but if the soil beneath the trees has a hard surface the emergence of 

 the adults from the soil is interfered with. Ants and birds, including 

 poultry, devour the recently emerged adults on the ground, also the 

 larvae and pupae. Spraying experiments in 1913 and 1914 show that 

 the pests may be controlled by poisoning the adults prior to oviposition. 

 The best formula is 3 lb. of lead arsenate paste to 40 U.S. gallons 

 (33|- Impl.)of water, sweetened with about 1 gallon of cheap molasses 

 (black strap). Almost as good results are probable if the molasses is 

 omitted. Until the pest is nearly annihilated, two applications should 

 be given each year in badly infested orchards, the first about 8th June, 

 or about a week before Early Richmonds begin to ripen, the second about 

 20th June, or about the time when theMontmorencies are showing the 

 first symptoms of the red blush. It is well to spray plum, apple and pear 

 trees that happen to be among, or very close to the cherry trees, as 

 the flies rest and feed on their foliage also. Early varieties of cherries 

 should not be given the second application, as they are then too near 

 picking time. Two years' treatment should free an orchard of the 

 pest, unless fresh infestation comes from outside sources. To prevent 

 the rain from quickly washing off all the spray, it should be applied 

 bn both surfaces of the leaves. All, or nearly all the foliage should be 

 covered, but it should not drip. The total cost of spraying fourteen- 

 year-old trees twice, should not be more than '2ld. per tree. Useless 

 cherry trees at the fence corners or on the road-side should be removed. 

 Adjoining orchards should be sprayed in order to prevent re-infestation. 

 Bees are not attracted to the poison and there is no danger to them, 

 if the directions given above are followed. 



Reddick (D.) & Crosby (C). Further experiments in the dusting and 

 spraying of apples. — Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Ithaca, N.Y., 

 Bull. no. 354, January 1915, pp. 51-96, 16 figs. 



The work reported in this paper is a direct continuation of that 

 done by Dr. Blodgett [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 190]. The experi- 

 ments hinged on six undetermined points and supplied the following 

 information with regard to them : — The dust method seems to be 

 particularly applicable to large old trees, with which the difficulty 



