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has been seriously troubled by these pests. During 1913, serious and 

 widespread injuries occurred in New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, New 

 Hampshire, and Vermont, with lesser outbreaks in Arizona, Texas, 

 Mississipi, AVisconsin, Michigan, and Wyoming. Unless control 

 measures are adopted, the injury will probably spread as the area 

 under lucerne increases. Of the many species of grasshoppers which 

 iiijure lucerne, the three chiefly concerned are, Melanoj)lusdijJerentialis, 

 Thos. (the differential grasshopper), M. biviKatus, Say (the two-striped 

 grasshopper), and M. atlantis, lliley. The measures advocated in 

 this paper may be applied in the clover fields of the eastern section 

 of the country with equally good results. The three species here 

 discussed are at times destructively abundant in the red-clover fields 

 of the East and Middle West, and the author has there used the 

 " hopjierdozer " to advantage. 31. differentiaUs rarely becomes 

 destructively abundant east of the Mississippi River. It is very 

 decidedly so to the west of the Mississippi. M. biviUatus is sometimes 

 disastrously abundant as far east as Ohio and, in the red-clover-growing 

 sections of the country, is probably very much the more destructive 

 of the two, though even as far east as Indiana, M. differentiaUs does 

 considerable injury to fruit trees by gnawing the bark from the twigs. 

 Upwards of 100 species of birds are known to feed to a greater or less 

 extent upon grasshoppers, but probably the most useful are quails, 

 prairie chickens, the sparrow-hawk and Swainson's hawk, the logger- 

 head shrike, all cuckoos, the cowbird, all blackbirds and meadowlarks, 

 the cat-bird, and the red-headed woodpecker. Domestic fowls and 

 skunks are very fond of these Orthoptera, while toads and probably 

 some of the snakes eat them. Of insect enemies, the grasshopper mite 

 is often found infesting grasshoppers in great numbers, but it is possible 

 that its value to the farmer has been over-estimated. The parasitic 

 flies, Sarcophaga kellyi, Aid., S. cimbicis, To^^^ls., S. hunteri, Hough, 

 and S. georgina, Wied., sometimes destroy these insects in myriads. 

 Two or three vegetable parasites also do great execution, one of them, 

 Sporotrichum globuliferum, being the same as that which attacks the 

 chinch bug. Preventive and remedial measures are, however, abso- 

 lutely necessary ; only those practical in application and cheaply and 

 readily obtainable by the farmer are mentioned here. Except, 

 perhaps, the destruction of the young as they are hatching, the destruc- 

 tion of the eggs seems to be the only preventive measure that promises 

 to be worth while attempting . All roadsides, ditch banks, margins 

 of cultivated and uncultivated fields, grassy margins along fences, 

 and all other waste lands that it is possible to reach and that are 

 thought to harbour eggs, should be cultivated in the autunm or wiiiter. 

 The soil need not be stirred deeply, 2 inches being a sufficient depth to 

 accomplish the desired effect. Put into operation at the proper time, 

 this measure will undoubtedly prevent disastrous outbreaks in the 

 following spring. Concerted action is very desirable . If close watch 

 is kept to determine just when the young grasshoppers are hatchiiig, 

 they may be killed by flooding, in cases where fields can be quickly 

 inundated and the water promptly run off, as is frequently done in 

 rice fields. Flooding is useless once the young have begun to move 

 about. Poisoned baits and the use of a " hopperdozer " should be 

 resorted to when the insects are threatening the lucerne fields. A 

 " hopperdozer " which has been made for the author and has proved 



