344 



destroyed. Older trees do not suffer much from it. According 

 to M. Huber-Zeller, this species is playing havoc in the cantons of 

 Soloturn, Aarau and Neuchatel, where a large number of young silver 

 firs had to be cut down. This Chennes proved not to be C. piceae, 

 Eatz., but a nearly alhed species, Chermes nusslini, Borner. which 

 has been studied by Niisshn and still more fully by Marchal. Accord- 

 ing to Niisslin, this species lives only on silver fir {Abies ijectinata) 

 and although it sometimes produces winged sexuparae in spring, 

 which migrate to firs {Picea excelsa) and produce sexual forms, this 

 never leads to the development of the fecundated egg and to the 

 formation of a gall next year ; thus the migration of this species is 

 rudimentary and resembles that previously observed by the author 

 in Chermes pini, Koch, in the Russian forests. Marchal has however 

 shown that C. nusslini can have a successful migration and a full 

 cycle, including the development of galls, provided that the migration 

 is not to the European fir, but to the Caucasian {Picea orientalis). 

 The galls, which are fully described and figured by Marchal, appear to be 

 similar in form to the sUghtly larger ones collected on Picea orientalis 

 and sent to the author from Caucasia in 1896. They also much 

 resemble the galls of C. jjectinatae, Choi., {C. coccineus, Choi.), which 

 migrates to various species of silver firs. The Caucasian galls were 

 identified by the author, on account of the structure of the antennae 

 of the winged forms which emerged from them, as C funitectus, 

 Dreyfus. Since Marchal described the whole cycle of development 

 of C. nusslini, there is no doubt that we have here an original southern 

 species, which in Western Europe is represented by a variety that 

 has lost its migratory habit and developed an exclusively partheno- 

 genetic mode of reproduction. The wintering stem-mother (fundatrix 

 vera) of this species is now known, and it is significant that in Switzer- 

 land the skin of it is identical in structure with that of the inter- 

 mediate stem-mother (fundatrix spuria), hibernating on silver fir. 

 As no other species occurring on the needles of silver firs have been 

 discovered in Western Europe, and as the description of C. funitectus 

 is also apphcable to C. nusslini, it is concluded that C. funitectus is 

 identical with Ch. nusslini and that the name C. funitectus must have 

 priority. 



In S. Moritz, C. viridulus was also found beneath the bark of larch 

 trees. 



FiNTESCu (G. N.). VY'ponomeuta malinella (Zeller) en Romanie. 

 {Hyjwnomeuta malinellus in Rumania.] — Bull. Section Sci. Acad. 

 Rouniaine, Bucharest, iii, no. 3, 12th October 1914, pp. 99-102. 

 [Received 28th April 1915.] 



Hyponomeuta malinellus occurs throughout Rumania, causing 

 serious injury to the apple orchards. The winter is passed in the egg 

 or larval stage within the nest and there is more than one generation 

 during the summer. Several parasites control this species to a great 

 extent, including the Ichneumons, Campoplex sordidus, Herpestomus 

 {Ichneumon) brunnicornis, Labrorychus {Anomalon) tenuicornis, the 

 Tachinid Prosopaea fugax, Rond. {Erythocera pomoriorum), and the 

 Hemipteron, Capsus mali. Against the larvae, the insecticide 

 " Truffaut " was very satisfactory. 



