347 



by the ovipositor of the female. The larvae are very sluggish, but 

 the beetles, on the contrary, are very active. At Enkoping, one-yeai- 

 old plants of horse-radish were the most injured, and it was noticed 

 that the attack began at the edges of the fields and from this spread 

 towards the centre, which seems to imply that the beetles have their 

 winter quarters in the vegetation on the edge of the ditches. 



In the autumn of 1913, experiments with contact sprays, such as lysol, 

 tobacco extract and lime-sulphur were made, but failed to give any 

 positive results. In the following year, only arsenic sprays were used, 

 Paris green (2 grms. of green to 4 grms. of lime per litre water) and 

 arsenate of lead (3 to 6 grms. per litre water) with an addition of 0'2 

 grms. gelatine, according to the formula given by Vermorel and 

 Dantony. These sprays were quite effective. Other control measures 

 include, collecting and destroying early in the autumn all waste and 

 rubbish, in order to minimise the hibernating quarters. The edges of 

 ditches should also be free from vegetation. As soon as the beetles 

 appear, the plants should be sprayed with Paris green or arsenate 

 of lead (the use of the latter is not yet allowed in Sweden, but the Royal 

 Pomological Society has appHed to the Government for permission to 

 use this poison for combating insect pests). During the investigations, 

 other injurious insects found on horse-radish were : — Plutella 

 ■niaculipennis, Curt., Pier is rajjae, L., and Pionea forficalis, L. The 

 arsenic sprays also proved effective against these. 



ToMEi (B.). La Pasta Caflaro alia prova nel circondario di Urbino. 



[Tests of Pasta Cafiaro in the Circondario of Urbino.] — VAgricnl- 

 tnra Moderna, Milan, no. 3, 1st & 15th February 1914, 18 pp. 

 [Reprint received 15th May 1915.] 



Pasta CafTaro is a copper oxychloride and lime combination now 

 largely used in Italy against Phytophthora and also for general purposes. 

 The analysis given shows that it contains 16"5 per cent, copper, 8'39 

 per cent, calcium, 17" 5 per cent, chlorine, and 3' 60 per cent, of oxygen 

 in combination, and the makers guarantee the copper content to within 

 3 per cent. The usual strength for spraying is 1 per cent, in water. 

 It is reported to be at least as good as Bordeaux mixture, to be simple 

 and easy of use, not expensive and to adhere well ; the objections to 

 it are a tendency to stick to the bottom of the container and to foul 

 the spray pumps, and also that it is not easy, especially at a little 

 distance, to distinguish sprayed from imsprayed plants ; the manu- 

 facturers have now remedied these defects. The results of trials in 

 vineyards are given in detail and the claims of the manufacturers 

 appear to be more or less justified. 



Gray (G. P.). New Fumigating Machines.— Mthljj. Bull. Cal. Slate 

 Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, iv, no. 2, February 1915, pp. 68-80. 



There are two systems of fumigation with hydrocyanic acid. In one 

 case the plants to be fumigated are enclosed in a tent or other covering 

 and the gas generated by pouring sulphuric acid on to potassium 

 cyanide in vessels within the tent. This method, though rough and 

 ready, has proved effective, but it is believed that some of the damage 

 occasionally done is directly due to the method, in that the chemical 



