381 



next spring. Three methods of control are in use ; — First, a thorough 

 cultivation of the orchard after the caterpillars have entered the ground 

 to pupate ; secondly, by the spraying method ; thirdly, by banding. 

 In the second method, the trees are sprayed, as soon as the leaves are 

 partly expanded, with lead arsenate, using two to three pounds in 

 fifty (U.S.) gallons of water. In the third case, bands of paper 

 smeared with pine tar, coal tar, printers' ink, dendroline or " tree 

 tanglefoot " are fastened round the tree. Cotton or cotton batting 

 about two inches wide is first placed round the tree, and over this the 

 tarred paper. On badly infested trees, the adhesive substance should 

 be frequently renewed. 



Dean (G. A.). Insects destructive to Grain and Grain Products stored 

 in Bins and Granaries. — Kansas Agric. Exp. Si a., Manhatlan, 

 Circular no. 47, 15th February 1915, 4 pp. 



With the exception of the Angoumois grain moth {Sitotroga cerealella), 

 the attacks of moth larvae in grain or meal can be distinguished from 

 those of beetles by the presence of web or silk. The simplest and most 

 effective remedy is fumigation with carbon bisulphide, the amount 

 used being dependant on the temperature, size of the building and the 

 nature of the attack. Experiments with Tribolium confusum and 

 Calandra oryzae have showai that if the building be reasonably air-tight 

 and the temperature above 70° F., 5 pounds of carbon bisulphide 

 is sufficient for every 1,000 cub. ft. of space, or one pound to every 

 25 bushels of grain. If the building be not air-tight, the amount 

 should be doubled or trebled. Care should be taken to avoid 

 delays and to facihtate the rapid evaporation of the hquid. The latter 

 should be placed in shallow pans at the top of the building, not 

 more than a pound in one place. In large bins, a small quantity 

 of the liquid poured into the middle of the grain through a tube is 

 not injurious either to the edible or germinating qualities of the 

 seed. Exposure of 36 hours for germination purposes, or 48 for 

 eating, is sufficient. The building should be thoroughly ventilated 

 after fumigation. Owing to the inflammable nature of the hquid, 

 no hght of any kind should be allowed near during the process. 

 To avoid infestation of stacks, grain should be threshed as soon as 

 possible after harvesting. 



Sanford (F.). In regard to the Poisoning of Trees by Potassium 



Cyanide. [Correspondence.] — Science, Philadelphia, xli, no. 1049, 



5th February 1915, pp. 213-214. 



The success of the author's experiment with potassium cyanide 



[see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 73] is confirmed by the fact that 10 



months later, the wood and bark around the hole in w^hich the cyanide 



was inserted, was only discoloured for less than I inch, the bark ha\ing 



begun to grow over the opening. 



Shattuck (C. H.). Effect of Cyanide of Potassium on Trees.— /Science, 

 Philadelphia, xli, no. 1052, 26th February 1915, p. 324. 

 The author states that liis own results with potassium cyaiiide, 

 especially on elms and black locust trees, convince him that potassium 



