413 



Ehrhorn (E. M.). Report of the Division of Entomology. — Hawaiicm 

 Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xii, no. 3, March 1915, 

 pp. 68-70. 



During the month of January 1915, a package of juniper seeds from 

 Japan was found to contain larvae of a Tortricid moth. Soil imported 

 from Japan contained 21 grubs of a small weevil, stated to be a serious 

 pest in that country. Christmas evergreens were found to be infested 

 by Phenacaspis eugeniae. The breeding of various parasites of the 

 fruit fly and the horn fly has been continued ; the following species 

 have been propagated : — Diachasma fullawayi, D. tryoni, Tetrastichus 

 giffardi and Spalangia sp. ; of these, the first and third have been 

 liberated. 



Crosby (C. R.) & Leonard (M. D.) Insects injurious to the Fruit of 

 the Apple. — Cornell Redding Courses, Neiv York Stale Coll. Agric. 

 at Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y., iv, no. 84, 15th March 1915, 

 pp. 121-144, figs. 93-125. 



Cydia pomonella, L., the codling moth, causes severe injury to the 

 apple orchards in New York State. Owing to its great economic 

 importance, full details of the life-history have been worked out. The 

 insect has adapted itself to variations in climate by modifying the 

 length and number of generations annually produced. In New York 

 the full-grown larva passes the winter in a cocoon beneath the bark or in 

 crevices of the trees. In early spring, pupation occurs in the same or 

 a new cocoon nearer the surface. The adult emerges in about four 

 weeks. Egg-laying begins in 3-5 days after emerging, the eggs usually 

 being deposited on the leaves, and continues until about three weeks 

 after the blossoms fall. The larvae feed at first on the leaves,then 

 pass to the young fruit, where they feed within the calyx After 

 remaining within the fruit for about four weeks, during whicli time 

 the seeds are eaten and a large ca\aty is hollowed out, the larva burrows 

 to the surface and spins a cocoon in a suitable position Some of the 

 larvae hibernate thus, others develop and finally produce a second 

 generation. The moths of the second brood emerge in August and lay 

 eggs on the fruit ; the larvae remain in the fruit from 5-6 weeks. 

 In the control of this pest, an arsenical poison is sprayed mto the 

 calyx cup when the petals are falling. Lead arsenate, i]i the propor- 

 tion of 2-3 lb. to 100 gals, water, appUed at a pressure of from 100 

 200 lb. per square inch, has given satisfactory results. The spray 

 should be repeated after about three weeks and agam early in August 

 to control the second brood. Lime-sulphur added to the solution 

 acts as a fungicide. 



Rhagoletis pomonella attacks summer and early autunm varieties of 

 apples. The adults appear in July and feed on the fruit for some time 

 before egg-laying begins. Eggs are deposited beneath the skin of 

 the fruit. The larvae, which hatch in from 2-6 days, timnel beneath 

 the skm, where they remain until full-grown. When mature, the larva 

 leaves the fruit and enters the ground to pupate. Whiter is passed 

 in the pupal stage, the adult emerging the following year. A small 

 second brood is usually produced, but does Uttle damage. Spra}ang 

 mth sweetened lead arsenate solution is effective in controlling this 

 species. 



