414 



Heterocordylus malinus and Lygidea mendax, the apple redbugs, 

 pass the winter in the egg stage in a sUt in the bark at the base of the 

 fruit spurs and around the buds. The eggs hatch after the fruit 

 buds burst. After passing through several nymphal stages, maturity 

 is reached in about four weeks after hatching. The young nymphs 

 feed on the leaves, the older ones puncture the fruit to suck the 

 juice. As a result, the apples frequently fall or shrivel. Spraying 

 with " Black Leaf 40 " in the proportion of 1 pt. in 100 gals, water, 

 with 4 or 5 lb. soap in addition, effectually controls the insect. Appli- 

 cation should be made as soon as the blossoms begin to open. If the 

 false redbug is present as well, spraying should be repeated after 

 the blossoms fall to kill the young of this species. Lime-sulphur may 

 be mixed with the solution. 



Archips argyrospila, the fruit-tree leaf-roller, has recently become 

 a serious pest in New York. This species is not confined to apple, but 

 has been recorded on cherry, plum, quince, rose, currant, etc., and 

 the wide range of food renders conditions favourable for its rapid 

 increase. Winter is passed in the egg stage on the smaller twigs 

 The eggs hatch while the buds are bursting ; the young larvae feed 

 on the expanding leaves which they spin together. Later, the larvae 

 attack the fruit, boring large holes into it and in many cases causing 

 the apples to drop. Pupation occurs about three weeks after hatching, 

 taking place within a rolled leaf, from which adults emerge in about 

 10 days. In cases of moderate infestation, a reasonable degree of 

 control can be obtained by thorough spraying with lead arsenate, 

 3 lb. in 100 gals, water. In severe cases, the trees should be sprayed 

 before the buds open with a miscible oil, 1 gal. in 15 gals, water. 

 This must be followed by an arsenate spray just after the buds have 

 opened. Lime-sulphur has no effect on the eggs. 



Xylina antennata primarily attacks the foliage of poplar, maple 

 and wild cherry, but is sometimes found on the apple. When present 

 in great numbers, it is capable of doing severe damage. Eggs deposited 

 by the moth in March or April hatch just as the buds are bursting. The 

 larvae feed at first on the young leaves, then migrate to the fruit. 

 Pupation occurs at the beginning of June, the larvae burrowmg into 

 the soil. In some cases the pupae remain until the following spring, 

 in others the moth emerges and hibernates. Newly hatched larvae 

 are easily poisoned by one or two applications of lead arsenate, 5 or 

 6 lb. in 100 gals, water, before the flowers open. The second spray 

 may be used in combination with lime-sulphur. 



Crosby (C. R.) & Mix (A. J.). The Control of Apple Insects in Clinton 



County. — Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N.Y., Bull. 356, 

 March 1915, pp. 115-130, figs. 36-59. 



Conotrachelus nenuphar, the plum curculio, scars the fruit by feeding 

 and egg-laying punctures. The insects hibernate in hedges or stone 

 walls and the first step in control is the elimination of such shelters. 

 Under favourable conditions, where trees are properly pruned, this 

 pest can be controlled by the regular spraying employed for Cydia 

 pomonella. Eucosma {Tmetocera) ocellana, the bud moth, hibernates 

 in the immature larval stage. When the buds are bursting, the larvae 

 burrow into them and feed on the young leaves. Pupation takes 

 place in the nest ; adults emerge in June, and deposit egg-clusters 



