121 



Surface (H. A.). The Importance of Inspecting Imported Trees.— 

 ZooL Press. Bull., Pennsylvania Dept. Agric, Harrisburg, Pa., 

 no. 309, 29th March 1915. 



The pine shoot moth has been discovered on a number of imported 

 pine trees. This insect is well kno^vn in Europe as a dangerous pest. 

 It attacks the terminal buds, resulting in a deformed growth. Injury- 

 is mainly confined to young trees. The moth is so liable to be 

 introduced into America, tliat the Horticultural Board has issued 

 orders prohibiting the importation of young pines from Europe after 

 1st July, 1915. Numerous other pests have been discovered on 

 imported plants. 



Forbes (S. A.). The Ecological Foundations of Applied Entomology. 



— Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, viii, no. 1, March 1915, 

 pp. 1-19. 



Successful ecological inquiry in the economic field may often suggest 

 and illustrate methods useful in entomology, and therefore is of interest 

 to every entomological specialist. There is no real separation between 

 economic and non-economic entomology. The most essential phase 

 in the expansion and development of the subject is the application of 

 the results of investigation. The field of applied entomology is that 

 part of ecology in general over which the ecology of man and that of 

 insects is coincident. An analysis of our knowledge of one of the 

 great insect pests gives a clear idea of what is involved in economic 

 entomology and what are the foundations upon which it rests. For 

 example, the chinch-bug {Blissus leucopterus), of the western graiit 

 fields, has been an object of study for many years. Facts are known 

 concerning its distribution, food supply, parasites, and life-history, as 

 well as the value of certain insecticides in controlling it. It is known 

 that all measures against this insect are of little avail, if undertaken 

 sporadically ; for their full effect, they must be made use of by whole 

 communities. No better illustration of the economic value of ecology 

 can be offered than by the insect-borne disease, malaria, the study 

 of which has been brought to the point of a scientific and practical 

 success, perhaps the most remarkable of any achievement of applied 

 entomology. Association ecology is another division which up to now 

 has received little attention. Even when treating in a comprehensive 

 way of all the insects infesting a single crop plant, little attention is 

 paid to the ways in which the different insect members interact with 

 each other, unless they are parasitic or predaccous. Ecological 

 succession has also points of contact with economic entomology. 



Baker (A. C). The Woolly Apple Aphis. — U.S. Dept. Agric, 

 Washington, D.C, Kept. no. 101, 31st March 1915, 56 pp., 3 figs., 

 15 plates. 



Eriosoma lanigerum, the woolly apple-aphis, is one of the most 

 troublesome and widely distributed apple pests. As a result of 

 experiments, the author concludes that this species was originally an 

 elm-Cralaegus feeder, which later adopted the apple. The eggs are 

 usually laid upon the bark of elms. The stem-mother, hatching out 



