438 



developed galls of Dryophanta (Diplolepis) folii, L., on the leaves. The 

 var. tardiflora, which is considerably later, had not reached the same 

 state of development and its buds were only just beginning to unfold 

 on the 23rd May. Accordingly, its insect population was much less 

 numerous and varied ; only a few specimens of caterpillars of Coleophora 

 were found, the majority of them still in a state of winter torpor 

 at the base of the buds and only a few of them having passed to the 

 young leaves, which they mine, and to the male spikes. The young 

 caterpillars feed on the pollen. Besides these, caterpillars of Hylophila 

 hicolorana (qioercana) and of some other species which had only recently 

 hatched, were found. Intermediate varieties of oaks on the 23rd May 

 showed the same conditions as regards the insects found on them ; 

 caterpillars of Coleophora had already started to mine the leaves, and 

 galls of Andricus seminationis, Giraud, were common on the male spikes. 

 These differences in the condition of the several varieties of oak and 

 of their fauna disappear rapidly, the intermediate and late varieties 

 developing more rapidly than the early one. In the first half of 

 June the early oaks were recovering from the defoliation caused by 

 C. hrumata and H. defoliaria ; A. curvator and A. seminationis were 

 emerging ; the caterpillars of Coleophora and H. hicolorana were 

 pupating on the late variety, which was then also attacked by several 

 species of aphids ; the larvae of the weevil, Orchestes quercus, L., 

 appeared on all three varieties, mining the leaves ; eggs of Psocidae 

 occurred on all varieties, as well as the second generation of Tortrix 

 viridana. From this time the difference in the fauna of the three 

 varieties disappeared altogether. 



Cheimatobia hnmiata, L., in Novo-Alexandria, is the most serious 

 pest of fruit trees, attacking apple, pear, plum, cherry and various 

 forest trees, especially oaks, hornbeams and lime trees. In the spring 

 of 1914, a large outbreak of caterpillars of this pest occurred and great 

 damage was done. Notwithstanding the severity of the outbreak, the 

 late variety of oak, even when the trees were near totally defohated 

 ones, remained practically untouched, owing to the late unfolding and 

 rapid development of its leaves. It was proposed to investigate also 

 whether the insects oviposit on the late variety, but the war has 

 prevented this ; it is, however, thought that even when this is the 

 case, the caterpillars hatched out have to migrate to neighbouring 

 trees, not finding any food on the late variety at that time. Although 

 these observations are not concluded, they have shown that the late 

 variety, besides being more adapted to withstand frost, is also com- 

 paratively less attacked by insects. The authors point out that late 

 varieties of other trees also occur, and urge the necessity of further 

 researches on these lines. 



Fabrikant (A. 0.). 063opTj aeMCKOM Ai^flTcnbHOCTM no 6opb6t ci» 

 BpeAHTejiflMM cenbCKaro xosniiCTBa. [A review of the work of 

 the Zemstvos in combating pests of Agriculture]-- « CeJlbCKOe 

 XoSfliiCTBO H J1tC0B0ACTB0.» [Agriculture & Forestry], Petrograd, 

 1915, no. 1, January, no. 3, March, pp. 142-166 and pp. 489-517. 



The author reviews the work conducted by various Zemstvos in 

 Russia as regards the control of pests of agriculture. This can be 



