445 



the above, increases its effectiveness in killing rust mites. A second 

 sprayinc; with lime-sulphiir in November or December may be useful. 

 Soda-sulphur solution is made according to the standard formula, 

 30 lb. sulphur, 20 lb. caustic soda, 20 U.S. gals. [1665 Impl.] water ; 

 it has the advantage that it will mix with oil emulsions. This 

 scheme, if strictly adhered to, would increase the quantity and quality 

 of the fruit and make the crop more certain from year to year. 



Parrott (P. J.). An analysis of Spraying Methods against the Codlin 

 Moth. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, vii, no. 2, April 1915, 

 pp. 164-170, 2 tables. 



Of late years there has been a marked increase in the planting of 

 apple trees and a growing necessity for more frecjuent applications of 

 spraying mixtures. Lime-sulphur and lead and nicotine are substances 

 most largely used at present. Injurious insects are responsible for 

 reductions in financial returns ; failure to maintain a high level of 

 spraying methods may neutralise any benefit derived from pruning, 

 thinning, etc. A study of orchards, under State control, suggests that 

 the problem is in reality a matter of time rather than cost. The 

 purchase and testing of a high-pressure outfit was eft'ected as a possible 

 means of developing economy. It was thought that more effective 

 work could be done against fruit-puncturing Capsids, pear thrips, apple 

 aphids and codling moth by using a great volume of spray under 

 high pressure. The spraying machine was capable of maintaining a 

 pressure of 300 lb. and discharging a flow of 15 gals, per minute. In the 

 experiments against the codling moth only a small percentage of yoimg 

 apples showed penetration of the liquid to the lower calyx cavity. 

 Low pressure spraying seemed most effective, but the data are only 

 based on preliminary experiments. In the West, high pressure sprays 

 have produced apples practically free from injury, while with low 

 pressure great losses have been sustained. This difference in results 

 in East and West is due to a difference in the arrangements of the floral 

 parts. In the discussion which followed the paper, Mr. W. M. Scott 

 stated that high- pressure spraying had, in his opinion, resulted in 

 injury to fruit and foliage by an excess of spraying material and 

 mechanical injury by the pressure. Mr. E. G. Titus supported the 

 remarks of the previous speaker, stating that, in Utah, a hundred* 

 pounds pressure had been found effective. 



Shelford (V. E.). Suggestions as to the original Habitat and Distribu- 

 tion of various native Insect Pests. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, 

 vii, no. 2, April 1915, pp. 171-174, 1 fig., 1 plate. 



A study of the habits of insects throws much light on their original 

 habitat. Insects frequenting garden and forage crops fall into two 

 classes, (a) those frequenting low moist situations, and {h) those 

 preferring higher ground. Insects of the first class occur along the 

 margins of ponds lakes and rivers and on vegetation growing in water. 

 A comparison of recent works on insect pests with a list of specie* 

 taken by the author from the margin of ponds, etc., shows that 

 one-third of the species are given in two or more cases. In the second 

 class, the conditions are the same as those for crop pests ; the vegetation 



