473 



devciired the leaves of many orchard and wild cherry trees and stripped 

 trees in apple orchards, while the forest tent caterpillar (M. disstn'a) 

 defoliated extensive areas of oak, and also attacked sugar-maples 

 and poplars. The injury resulted in the loss of practically the entire 

 apple crop in some places where the trees had not been sprayed. A 

 modification of habit in Conotracheitis nenuphar, Hbsfc., (plum curculio) 

 was caused by a late frost, which killed the plums locally at Nassau. 

 The weevils attacked and severely injured the young fruit on an 

 adjacent crab-apple tree, though comparatively few of the grubs 

 developed successfully. In seasons when plums were available, this 

 tree was practically free from the pest. Taeniothrips (Enthrips) pyri, 

 Daniel, (the pear thrips) was abundant near Hudson and was, for the 

 most part, controlled by timely and thorough applications of tobacco 

 extract. This pest is an extremely local one ; it works so rapidly 

 and seeks shelter so persistently that careful selection of the time for 

 spraying is essential. Injuries by red bugs, Heterocordylus malinus 

 and Lygidea niendax, were very abundant in an orchard near Pough- 

 keepsie. These pests seem very susceptible to tobacco preparations, 

 the young being destroyed by a Black Leaf extract diluted 1 to 05 or 

 Black Leaf 40, 1 to 800. Where practicable, the winter application 

 for iSan Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus, may be delayed as late as 

 possible and three-fourths of a pint of Black Leaf extract added to 

 each 100 U.S. gallons (83| Impl.) for the purpose of destroying red 

 bug, as well as San Jose scale ; this treatment would also be very 

 effective in checking aphids. Psylla pi/ricola, Riley, (the pear psylla) 

 was a pest of considerable importance. The practical value of late 

 spring applications of a lime-sulphur wash for the control of this insect, 

 was demonstrated in a badly infested orchard, where one spraying 

 during the third week in April practically annihilated the pest. 

 Scraping the rough bark from the trunks of the older trees materially 

 reduces the number of winter shelters. Aphids were somewhat 

 abundant, especially on young trees, enrly in the season. They were 

 reported to be almost absent from young trees which had been very 

 badly infested the preceding season and had then been thoroughly 

 sprayed with a whale oil soap solution, 1 lb. to 12 U.S. gals. (10 gals. 

 Impi.) of water. The black grubs of Adalia bipunctata, L., (the two- 

 spotted lady-beetle), the white-tufted larvae of Hyperaspis signata 

 var. binotala, and Syrphid larvae were very useful in checking aphid 

 injury. AspuUotus pcmiciosKS did not cause appreciable injury in 

 orchards which were systematically sprayed, though, occasionally, 

 neglected trees became very badly infested. Even under such con- 

 ditions, one thorough application will check this pest most effectively. 

 Parasites of the scale were abundant, including, in order of importance, 

 ProspalleUa perniciosi, Tower. Aphelimis fuscipennis, How., Cocco- 

 phaqus immacidnlris. How., Chiloneunis sp. and Psyllaephagus sp. 

 Under certain conditions, the last-named might be of greater importance 

 than the two preceding ones. From Rochester, Lycophotia margaritnsa 

 {Agrolis saucia), the variegated cutworm, was reported to be feeding 

 on clover and fallen apples. Though this cutworm is a cUmbing 

 species, there was no evidence to sb.ow that it had ascended the trees 

 and attacked the fruit while still upon them. 



Shade-tree -pests :- Galerucella Inteola, Miill., (the elm leaf beetle) 

 was greatly checked during recent years by thorough and systematic 



