484 



(I. S. Mtofm npOLUJiaro rOAa. [The results of last year.]— « ChaO- 

 BOA'b-» [The Horticulturisl\ Rostov-on-Don, no. 4, April 1915, 

 pp. 276-278. 



A correspondent from Syzran (government of Simbirsk) reports 

 an unprecedented outbreak of Hi/ponoinenfa malinellus, Zell., 

 which began nearly simultaneously with the unfolding of the leaf buds 

 on fruit trees in the spring of 1914, and resulted in very serious damage 

 to the orchards of the district. Spraying with arsenic gave favourable 

 results in some cases, but in others, owing to ignorant handling, 

 damage to the trees resulted. 



EiABOi (D. D.). CamosamMTa nnOAOBTj. [The self-protection of fruits.] 

 «EionneTeHb c ppeAHTejiflX'b cenbCKaro xosHMCTBa m Mtpaxi^ 



6opb6bl C"b Hmmi.» [Bulletins mi pests of Agriculture and 

 methods of co7iirol.] Published by the Entomological and Phy to- 

 pathological Bureau of the Zemstvo of the govt, of Charkov, 

 Charkov, no. 4, April 1915, pp. 1-11, 9 figs. 

 The practice of fruit-growing ten.ds to show that there are varieties 

 of apples and pears which are less subject to attack by fungus diseases 

 and by Cydia pomonella, than others, although no scientific data on 

 this subject exist. During the investigations of the author on the 

 structure of the ovaries of several varieties of apples, he found 

 inside a "Princess Fosia" apple a peculiar burrow of a caterpillar of 

 €. pomonella ; having passed the subcalycinal tube in the direction of 

 the ovaries, the caterpillar met with the walls of the carpels, turned 

 backwards at a sharp angle, and passed out from the fruit. This and 

 other similar observations give colour to the suggestion _that the biting 

 organs of the caterpillars are not sufficiently developed to penetrate 

 the hard walls of the carpels, a suggestion which is supported also by 

 the fact that when eating the seeds, the pests start gnawing from the 

 lower end, where the skin of the seeds is quite soft and tender. 

 Accordingly, he divides apples into two groups : (1) those which are 

 not attacked by C. pomonella and which have firmly closed carpels 

 of small dimensions, the inter-carpellary space being absent, and the 

 •carpel being situated low in the fruit ; and (2) those which are attacked, 

 having carpels through which access is easy, their walls being dis- 

 connected in the upper part, where the pollen tubes lie. These 

 observations relate to fruits in their autumn stage, i.e., to the second 

 and third generation of C. potnonella, and it may be that during the 

 first period of the development of the fruits the walls of the carpels 

 do not afford sufficient protection. This can be proved only by 

 further observations, but even should it be the case, the existence of 

 fruits immune against the second and third generations may be of 

 great importance. 



LiuBOMUDRov (I.). Pa6oTbi no 6opb6t ctj BpeAMTejiflMM caAOBi* paH- 

 HCM BecHoii. (Otii KieBCKoii CTaHuiii no 6opb6t cb BpeAMTe/iflMM 

 pacreHiil). [The work for the control of pests of orchards early 

 in spring. (From the Kiev Station for the control of pests of 

 plants).] — « X03flMCTB0.» [Hushandnj\ Kiev, x, no. 11, 2nd April 

 1915, pp. 296-298, 4 figs. 

 The principal work to be done in orchards in early spring, so as to 



