543 



species of Malta, a new food-plant for the former insect ; L. pratensis 

 is believed to hibernate as an imago. The Tingid, Piesma capitata, 

 Wolfi, was observed on flowers of Reseda. 



Pests of other cultivated plants included :■ — Opatrum sabulosum, L. ; 

 Meligethes aeneus, F., which occurred on wheat and also, according to 

 Petrushtchinsky, w'as very destructive to the blossom of rye ; Anomala 

 aenea, De Geer, {frischi F.) occurred on vine leaves ; Lenm melanopus, 

 L., in trenches round a beet plantation ; Crioceris merdiqera. L., on 

 asparagus and onions, and Psylliodes sp. on vines. Otiorrhjnchus 

 ligustici, L., injured roots of red clover. The Aphodiid, Rhjssemus 

 asper, F. {germanus, auct.), occurred on lucerne and clover. Larvae 

 of Chaetocnema liorlensis, GeofEr. {aridella, Payk), were found in a 

 stem of barley in 1911, so that at least two species of this genus hve 

 in the stems of barley, the other being C. aridula, Gyll., [see this 

 Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 172]. 



Lepidopterous pests included: — Pyrausia nubilalis, Hb., which 

 was very abundant in the government of Kiev, maize being much 

 more frequently injured than millet. Some 15 acres of maize in one 

 estate were injured in August by the caterpillars, the upper part of 

 the stem being chiefly attacked ; only single cases of injury were 

 noticed in the cobs. Larvae of Episilia (Agrotis) simulans, Hufn., 

 were found in fields of winter rye ; in the laboratory the caterpillars 

 readily ate winter wheat, sugar-beet, oats and barley. Caterpillars 

 of the Geometrid, Chlorodystis rectangulata, L., were collected in the 

 orchard of the Station, where they injured the foUage of pear trees. 

 Gracilaria syringeUa, F., was more injurious in Smiela than in the 

 previous year. The eggs of the first generation are laid on the lower 

 side of leaves of hlac, but the author has never found them in the 

 buds, as stated by Sorauer, nor on the petioles of the leaves, as stated 

 by Guenaux. Pieris brassicae, L., was infested with Omorgus mutahilis, 

 Holmgren, from a cocoon of which some hyperparasites were reared, 

 but not identified. 



Rhynchota : Lepidosaphes ulmi, L,, was found in the middle of 

 June on the fruits of apples, as much as 30 mm. in diameter. Aphis 

 idaei, Goot, occurred in May on the tips of raspberry canes and in less 

 numbers on the petioles of the leaves of plums. Siphonophora 

 caraganae, Cholodkovsky, was observed on young fruits of Caragana 

 (Sibeiian pea-tree). Aleiirochiton aceris, Geoffr., was frequently found 

 on the lower side of leaves of the common maple, causing the leaves 

 to wither. 



Hymenoptera : The life-history of Athalia sjnnarum, ¥., has been 

 studied at the station by V. M. Kostinsky. The females oviposit 

 inside the leaves of mustard, Sinapis arvensis and Sisymbrium sophia 

 (not on the leaves, as stated by Kulagin, nor along the veins, as stated 

 by Sacharov) ; the egg stage lasts 5 or 6 days ; the larval stage 

 lasting 9 or 10 days in June and July, 13 to 15 days in August and 26 

 to 30 days in September ; when mature, the summer generations 

 pass into the earth and build cocoons in which they remain for 6 to 8 

 days before pupating, the pupal stage lasting 8 or 1 days. The winter 

 is passed in cocoons in the larval stage. Remedies recommended by 

 various authors, include the collection of the larvae ; reploughing 

 the soil in autumn ; powdering the plants with soot ; dusting with 

 lime while the morning dew is still present ; early sow^iug of summer 



