567 



leaves of Viburnum prunifolium. In spring they hatch before the 

 leaves open and the young feed on the bursting flower buds. Late 

 in April or early in May, the second generation matures and this nearly 

 all becomes alate. Such forms migrate to the grape and produce the 

 third generation. Apterous and alate forms occur throughout the 

 summer. Autumn migrants return to Viburnum in October to 

 oviposit. 



McAtee (W. L.). Psyllidae wintering on Conifers about Washington, 

 D.C. — Science, Philadelphia, xli, no. 1069, 25th June 1915, p. 940, 



The following species of Psyllids are known to winter on Pinus 

 virginiana in the vicinity of Washington: Livia maculipennis, L. vernalis, 

 Aphalara calthae, Trioza salicis, and T. tripunctata. Coniferous 

 trees are only used as alternate food-plants and winter shelters. 

 Records show that the habit of resorting to conifers is not restricted 

 to the cold season ; L. vernalis has been taken on pine in June and 

 July, and A. calthae in April. These Psyllids occur also on Pinus taeda 

 and Juniperus virginiana. Pachypsglla ceUidis-mamma has been 

 found from October to February on juniper and hemlock. 



Severin (H. H. p.) & Severin (H. C). Kerosene Traps as a Means 

 of checking up the Effectiveness of a Poisoned Bait Spray to 

 control the Mediterranean Fruit-Fly {Ceratids capitata, Wied.) 

 with a Record of Beneficial Insects captured in the Kerosene. — Jl. 



Econ. Entom., Concord, y'ni, no. 3, June 1915, pp. 329-338, 1 fig. 

 4 tables. 



In a series of experiments on the use of petroleum and vegetable 

 or animal oils to trap Mediterranean fruit-flies, it was found that 

 kerosene (about 120° Be.) gave the best results, with the possible 

 exception of distillate (about 48° Be.). Adult fruit-flies require a 

 feeding period of from 10 to 12 days before egg-laying begins ; during 

 this time they subsist on the waxy coating of fruit, the juices of injured 

 fruit and to some extent on the flowers of a chrysanthemum imported 

 from Japan, and in captivity, on diluted molasses. Feeding continues 

 during the reproductive period. The poisoned bait used in the experi- 

 ments was prepared according to the following formula : brown 

 sugar, 2| lb- ; lead arsenate, 5 oz. ; water, 4 U.S. gals. To determine 

 the effectiveness of the spray as a means of controUing the fruit-fly 

 under Hawaiian conditions, the following plan was adopted. For a 

 period of five weeks, 10 kerosene traps were wired to the branches of 

 citrus trees in an orchard containing about 400 orange, lemon, grape- 

 fruit, banana, etc. No spray was applied to any of the trees or vegeta- 

 tion during this time ; data were kept regarding the number of fruit- 

 flies and beneficial insects found dead in the oil traps. During the next 

 five weeks, the poisoned bait was sprayed once a week on all the fruit- 

 bearing trees and a record kept of all insects caught in the traps. An 

 average of 1 female and 291 male flies was obtained daily during the 

 period before spraying ; there was no decrease in the numbers caught 

 daily at the end of the period and at the end of the fifth week almost 

 every ripe orange was injured. The spray was applied under un- 

 favourable weather conditions and the experiments were conducted 



