639 



migrated from some other plant. Experiments on transferring winged 

 specimens of M. cerasi taken from cherries to G. uliginosum were made, 

 demonstrating that M. cerasi can migrate either to Galium or Veronica, 

 the summer generations on these plants being Snown as Mi/zus aparines, 

 Kalt. M. cerasi also breeds during the whole summer on cherries, 

 without migrating, although to a somewhat restricted degree. Experi- 

 ments on Aphis pnmorum, Dobr. [see this Review, Series A, ii, p. 79] 

 have shown that this species is identical with Aphis {Rhojxilosiphiott) 

 nymjjhaeae, L., which breeds during the summer on various water 

 plants. The migrations of this species in autumn to some unknown 

 plants have already been noticed by Mordwilko. 



Various Tortricidae have done great damage to orchards during 

 late years and in 1911: Tortrix {Pandetnis) ribeana, Kb., T. hejjarana, 

 Schiff., and Eucosrna {Tmelocera) ocellana, F., were the most injurious ; 

 Olethreutes variegana, Hb., was also present. The hibernating cater- 

 pillars of T. ribeana were observed in the first half of April in stout 

 cocoons in cracks and underneath the bark of small branches ; the 

 first moths appeared towards the end of May and those of the second 

 generation in the second half of July. The life-history of T. heparana 

 is similar, and it hibernates also as a caterpillar, not as a pupa, as 

 thought by Henschel. The hibernating caterpillars of E. ocellana 

 were found on 7th April on apple trees, in white silky cocoons near the 

 base of leaf-buds ; the caterpillars also injured pear, plum and cherry 

 trees. According to some authors this insect winters in the egg-stage, 

 but it has now been observed that hibernation occurs as a young 

 caterpillar. From caterpillars of Malacosoma {Lasiocampa) neustria, 

 L., the Tachinid, Carcelia gnava, Meig., and another parasite were 

 reared. Large numbers of caterpillars of Abraxas grossulariata, L., 

 perished from a fungus disease resembling flacherie, and a large 

 percentage was also infested with various parasites, including the 

 Tachinid, Blepharidopsis nemea, Meig. Caterpillars of Euproctis 

 chrysorrhoea, L., were parasitised by the Tachinid, Comj^silura 

 concinnata, Meig. 



A hst of NocTuiDAE caught in troughs with molasses is given, 

 including Euxoa segetum, Agrotis ravida, Schiff. [obscura, Brahm.), 

 A. orbona, Hiifn., A. c-nigrum, L., Episilia (A.) simidans, Hiifn., 

 Feltia (A.) exclamationis, L., Euxoa trilici, L., Agrotis ypsilon, Rott., 

 Barathra {Mam'istra) brassicae, L., Scotogvamma {M.) trifolU, Rott., 

 Parastichtis (Hadena) monoglypha, Hiifn., Actinotia (Chloantha) 

 polyodon, Clerck, Trachea atriplicis, L., Leucania pallens, L., Sideridis 

 albipuncta, Schiff., Chloridea {Heliothis) dipsacea, L., Phytometra 

 (Plusia) gamma, L., Catephia alchymista, Schiff., Catocala nupta, 

 L., Mormonia (C.) sponsa, L. Observations on Episema (Diloba) 

 coeruleocephala, L., showed that this species oviposits on branches of 

 pears ; the Tachinids, Compsilura concinnata, Meig., and Winthemia 

 quadrijmstulata, Meig., were reared from the caterpillars. 



Young plants of winter and summer sown grain on one estate were 

 injured in 1913 by Psylliodes picina. Marsh., and in 1911 by P. luteola, 

 Miill. The latter beetle appeared at the end of April on the edges 

 of fields and on wild grasses in lucerne fields. In July they attacked 

 oak trees, skeletonising the leaves, while at the beginning of August 

 they left the oaks and again invaded corn-fields, w^here they did serious 



