654 



same as that of 8. furcata, both species having been lecorded from 

 the New Eagland States, Florida and California. The eggs are deposited 

 in September and October and are glued in double rows along the 

 sides of twigs. The average duration of the egg-stage is 225 days. 

 Hatching takes place during May. The greatest enemy of this species 

 in California is Anastatus sp., about 80 per cent, of the eggs being 

 parasitised. The average duration of the nymphal stage is 73 days. 

 Pairing takes place from 18 to 26 days after emergence. The length 

 of life of the adult is about 3| months. Several methods of control 

 have been suggested, some of which have been found impracticable, 

 such as destruction of nymphs by hand, collection and destruction of 

 eggs and the use of trap crops and poisoned baits. Sprays are more 

 effective. Zinc arsenite at the rate of 2 lb. to IOC U.S. gals. Mater 

 killed 93 "1 per cent, of S. furcata and 100 per cent, of 0. rhombifolius 

 in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd instars. Lead arsenate at the rate of 4 lb. to 

 100 gals, water killed 100 per cent, in each case. The results of the 

 season's spraying work were manifested by preventing the loss of 

 fruit by dropping ; by almost complete prevention of injury to mature 

 fruit and leaves and reduction in the amount and severity of injury 

 by thrips ; and by improvement in the amount and vigour of growth 

 of the sprayed trees. The addition of lime-sulphur to the arsenicals 

 facilitated their even distribution over leaves and fruit. Two 

 applications of zinc arsenite or two applications of lead arsenate, in 

 the above proportions, are advised ; lime -sulphur may be added at 

 the rate of 2 gals, per 100 gals, of spray. The first application should 

 be made as soon as the petals ha-ve fallen, the second from 10 to 

 14 days later. An application of lime-sulphur alone may be made 

 about 2 or 3 weeks after the second spray. 



Blakeslee (E. B.). American Plum Borer. — U. S. Dept. Agric, 

 Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 261, 19th July 1915, 13 pp., 1 fig., 

 3 plates. 



Euzopkera swiifvMeralis. Walk, (the American plum-borer), some 

 of the synonyn:is of which arc E. impJeidJa, ZelL, and Stenoptycha 

 lulella, Hulst, is widely distributed in the U.S.A. It feeds upon 

 plum, peach, cherry, apple, Chinese plum, Kieffer pear, mountain ash, 

 persimmon and Russian mulberry, being found in equal abundance on 

 the first four. The feeding habits of this insect are of special interest 

 when contrasted with those of other wood-boring species. E. semi- 

 funeralis prefers trees which are not dead and yet are not in too 

 vigorous condition. Beginning at ;i scar, wound, or crevice, where a 

 bark scale offers partial protection, the larva works its M'ay into the 

 living tissue, in broad, shallow, irregular galleries just beneath the 

 bark. Apple trees partially girdled by collar blight and trees injured 

 mechanically by frost or by some other cause offer the ideal condition 

 for this borer, which considerably shortens their life. Entirely healthy 

 and uninjured trees are rarely attacked and, except in isolated cases, 

 the plum-borer will probably never become a pest of great importance. 

 A description of tlie various stages is given. In the spring of 1913, 

 the pupation of the wintering larvae began about the end of March or 

 beginning of April, in the latitude of northern Virginia and the district 

 of Columbia. As far south as Georgia, this probably occurs a month 



