676 



rubbish such as fallen leaves, pea-sticks, leaf- mould, etc. ; (2) digging 

 in of grass to prevent the hibernation of the apple-leaf miner moth 

 [Lyonetia clerkella], pear midge larvae [Contarinia jyyrivora], leaf- 

 hoppers, weevils, etc. ; (3) the use of open fences or open hedges and 

 clean ditches ; (4) the removal or burning of dead wood and prunings ; 

 (5) the removal of soft shoots which may harbour the woolly aphis 

 [Eriosoma lanigeruni], on apple and the grey pear aphis ; (6) the 

 tarring of the ends of pruned branches ; (7) the use of a suitable 

 winter wash to remove moss and lichens which would shelter insects 

 and to kill larvae wintering in the bark ; (8) the control of wild food- 

 plants, the most important of which are hawthorn, sloe, willow, poplar, 

 oak, cotoneaster and rose; (9) a summer spraying sequence; (10) the 

 practice of grease-banding for winter moth [Cheimatohia brumata], 

 and bands of cloth or sacking for codling moth [Cydia pomonella] ; 

 (11) the removal of " windfalls." 



For apple, four sprayings are desirable ; (1) in April with an apple- 

 sucker wash ; (2) with lead chromate as soon as the foliage is formed ; 



(3) with a contact poison in June ; if mussel scale [Lepidosaphes ulmi] 

 is present a strong wash should be applied to trunk and foliage ; and 



(4) with a strong contact poison in September. For pear, the following 

 measures are recommended : (1) Lead chromate as soon as the foliage 

 is formed and (2) a contact poison for leaf-curling Aphids ; for cherry, 

 (1) lead chromate as soon as foliage is formed and (2) contact poison 

 in autumn if black fly [Aphis rumicis] is seen ; for plum, the same as 

 for pear ; for currant, (1) sulphur and contact poison for gall mite 

 [Eriophyes nbis] in May and (2) contact poison in June, July or August 

 for Aphids, white scale [Chionaspis citri] or brown scale [Saissetia 

 hemisphaerica] ; for gooseberry, (1) lead chromate as soon as foliage is 

 formed and (2) sulphur and contact poison for red spider in April 

 or May. 



A. C. F. Weevil attack on Foliage of Young Larch. — Qtrhj. Jl. Forestry, 

 London, ix. no. 3, July 1915, pp. 259-260. 



During the springs of 1914 and 1915, a number of recently planted 

 young larches have been attacked by weevils on two of the Department's 

 forestry centres in Ireland, at Ballykelly, Co. Derry, and Dundrum,, 

 Co. Tipperary, while a similar attack has just been reported in 

 Co. Antrim. The needles are eaten off as soon as they appear by 

 several species of weevil. This attack was probably due to the fact 

 that the broad-leaved species which, under ordinary circumstances, 

 are attacked by these weevils, were not sufficiently far advanced 

 when the larches first came into leaf. On well estabUshed plants 

 the damage is not of great importance, but when recently transplanted 

 trees are attacked, it is often considerable. The attacks of these 

 weevils upon larch do not appear to have been previously noticed, 

 and probably depend a good deal upon the nature of the season. 

 The species concerned were : —PhyUohius argentatus and P. maculi- 

 cornis, two of the green leaf weevils which live on the leaves of 

 hardwoods ; Otiorrhynchus picipes, the raspberry weevil, which gnaws 

 through the young shoots of raspberries : Strojihosoinus coryli, which 



