717 



the aiiKmiit of food consumed, is to place a pair in one of the larger 

 glass jars with a supply of caterpillars for food. The jars should be 

 cleaned daily and all wounded or dead beetles removed. The earth 

 should be examined daily and when eggs are found the beetles should 

 be transferred to another jar. The number of larvae that hatch 

 must be taken as the index to the number of eggs deposited, since 

 it is impracticable to remove the eggs. Records of the time spent 

 in the larval stages or the amount of food consumed may be 

 secured by feeding the newly-hatched larvae in individual jelly glasses. 

 These methods of rearing beetles were followed and in 1908 and 1909' 

 nearly 15,000 larvae were reared and colonised in the field. Since 

 then, both beetles and larvae have been collected in the field and 

 rearing for colonisation has been discontinued in the laboratory. 

 Contrary to general belief, the adult beetles live two or three years 

 and sometimes four. Among the natural enemies of this species arc 

 birds, skunks, racoons and foxes. A Tachinid fly, probably Viviania 

 georgiae, and the mite, TyrogJijphus armipes, Bks., also attack it. 



SiEGLER {E. H.) & SiMANTON (F. L.). Life-Hlstory of the Codling Moth 

 in Maine. — JJ.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bulletin no. 252, 

 10th August 1915, £0 pp., 2 plates, 9 figs, (curves), 41 statistical 

 tables. 



The results of these ela])orate and laborious investigations on Cydior 

 pomonella are summarised by the authors as follow : — The life-history 

 studies of the codling moth herein recorded were conducted during- 

 the seasons of 1913 and 1914 at Winthrop, Maine. The codling moth 

 in Maine has one full generation, a very small percentage (1 to 2 per 

 cent.) of the indi\'iduals of which transforms to make a partial second 

 generation. Pupation of the hibernating larvae begins about the 

 middle of May and extends to the first part of July. The length of 

 the spring-brood pupal stage averaged 21 days. The moths of the 

 spring brood begin to emerge about two weeks after the petals have 

 fallen and continue to do so for a period of about a month. The 

 average time from the date of emergence of the moths to first oviposition 

 was about four days. The oviposition of the spring-brood moths 

 averaged 14 days. The average length of hfe of the male spring-brood 

 moth was about 12 days ; of the female spring-brood moth about 

 13 days. The earliest first-brood eggs were deposited approximately 

 three weeks after tHe petals dropped ; their incubation period 

 averaged eight days, and they began to hatch in from four to five 

 weeks after the petals had fallen. The transforming larvae of 

 the first brood fed for a period of about 22 days. The hibernating 

 larvae of this brood had an average feeding period of 28 days, 

 the female larvae of the first brood feeding for a longer period than 

 the males. The average time spent by the transforming larvae in 

 constructing their cocoons was about six days. Approximately 

 from 1 to 2 per cent, of the first-brood larvae transformed to 

 first-brood pupae. The remainder of the larvae did not transform 

 until the following spring (spring pupae). Pupation of the first or 

 summer brood commenced during the latter part of July. The average 

 length of the first-brood pupal stage was 15 days. The first or summer 



