natural surroundings of the nest are interfered with. The preference 

 which all, except harvesting termites, show for dead and decaying 

 wood is so marked that this may be said to be their favourite food. 

 All damage to buildings is apparently done by Termes natalensis and 

 T. badius. The destruction of young trees is caused mainly by 

 T. natalensis. The view that adults or winged insects are incapable 

 of founding a new colony is incorrect. Colonies can be experimentally 

 established and maintained for six months under artificial conditions, 

 and adults are able to feed and rear a n amber of young without them- 

 selves taking nourishment. 



SwEZEY (0. H.). Some Results of the Introduction of Beneficial 

 Insects in the Hawaiian Islands. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, viii, 

 no. 5, October 1915, pp. 450-456. 



Considering its size, Hawaii has probably accomplished more in the 

 way of combating insect pests by the introduction of their natural 

 enemies than any other country. In 1890, Mr. Albert Koebele 

 introduced Novius cardinalis to destroy the cottony cushion scale 

 [Icerya purcJiasi]. Many of the first successful introductions — between 

 1893 and 1896 — were Coccinellids, including Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, 

 Rhizobius ventralis and R. tooivoombae, w^hich feed on mealy bugs ; 

 Coelophora inequalis, Platyomus lividigaster, Scymnus loeivii and 

 *S'. notescens, feeding on Aphids, and Orcus clialybaeus and Chilocorus 

 circumdatus feeding on scale-insects. Thirty or more species of 

 Hymenopterous parasites have been introduced, also, to prey on the 

 above pests. Among the most valuable of the imported Coccid 

 parasites are the Chalcids, Encyrtus fuscus, Blepyrus marsdeni, Micro- 

 ierys flavus, Apentelicus kotinskyi, Adelencyrtus odonaspidis, Scutellista 

 cyanea, Toniocera calif ornica, T. ceroplastis, Aneristus ceroplastae, Cocco- 

 phagus orientalis, C. lecanii, Aphelimis diaspidis and Aspidioliphagus 

 citrinus. In 1895, among other parasites that. Mr. Koebele introduced 

 from Japan were Chalcis obscurata and the Braconid, Macrodyctium 

 OHi»j"ofZii'orum, which attack the pupae and caterpillars of the leaf-rollers 

 on sugar-cane and coconut palms. C. obscurata also parasitises the pupae 

 of several other leaf-rollers of fruit trees and garden plants, among them 

 Torlrix {Archips) postvittanus and Amorbia eniigratella, once very abun- 

 dant, but now not very injurious. M. omiodivorum chiefly attacks the 

 sugar-cane leaf-roller, Nacoleia {Omiodes) accepla. Another phase 

 in this natural control was the introduction of the insects which 

 destroy lantana, by Mr. Koebele in 1902. Eight of the many species 

 which he studied in Mexico were successfully introduced. Of these 

 insects, the maggots of the little black seed-fly {Agromyza sp.) destroy 

 the seeds in the growing berries of the lantana plant ; the larvae of two 

 moths, Platyptilia pusdlidactyla and Eucosma {Crocidosema) lantana, 

 feed in the flower clusters, thus helping to prevent the formation of the 

 fruit ; the caterpillars of the two butterflies, Tliecla echion and T. agra, 

 feed on the flowers ; the larvae of the moth, Cremastobombycia lantanella 

 mine the leaves ; a small bug, Teleonemia lantanae, feeds on the 

 underside of the leaves, causing them to die and fall off ; a gall-fly, 

 Eutreta sparsa, produces large swellings or galls on freshly-growing 

 shoots, thus checking the normal growth. None of these insects have 

 ever become injurious to any cultivated fruit or plant in Hawaii, but 



