37 



deposits another egg, and so oil. Food therefore appears to be neces- 

 sary to oviposition. The excavated material is used for food, as no 

 trace of debris was seen. The eggs are thus distributed along the 

 mother-gallery and hatch successively. The larva feeds at the place 

 where it hatches, so that the pupa is found in a hollow chamber. The 

 larva does not wander, and all the mines are made by the adults. 

 It is only exceptionally that the young adult bores an exit from the 

 pupal chamber ; as a rule it emerges through the mother-gallery. 

 Nothing definite can be said regarding the sequence of generations. 

 Young adults appeared continuously from November 191G to May 1917, 

 and when the loaf was divided, all stages were found except eggs. This 

 uninterrupted sequence was due not only to the presence of food, but 

 to the warm indoor temperature. 



Although 5. panicea does not leave its feeding place except for 

 mating, it is attacked by a number of parasites, of which a Pteromalid, 

 Lariophagiis pimcticollis, Moll., which emerges from the pupa, is the 

 most common. At the time of chief development the proportion 

 between host and parasite was as 1 to 1 ; later on it was as 3 to 2. At 

 the time of writing the parasites were twice as numerous as the hosts. 

 Some pupae had been killed by a bacterial disease ; the original 

 infection was probably communicated to the larvae or pupae by the 

 adults. 



As regards food, a bread containing wheat flour was preferred, but 

 black bread was eaten in its absence. Unbaked flour or bread were 

 not touched. This also applies to wheat itself. Cork was rejected. 

 Young adults lacking a suitable food did not feed or breed. 



Kleine (R.). Beschadigung der Hiilsenfruchte in Pommern durch 

 Grapholitha dorsana, ¥., in den Jahren 1915 1917. [Injury to 

 Peas and Beans in Pomerania by Cydia dorsana in 1915-1917.] — 

 Zcitschr. wiss. Insektenbiol., Berlin, xiv, nos. 3-4 & 5-6, 30th June 

 & 20th September 1918, pp. 80-85 & 123-129. 



The conclusions reached in this paper are that the extent of the 

 infestation of leguminous crops by Cydia dorsana depends largely on 

 accidental circumstances and on agricultural measures. No given 

 species of bean appears to be either particularly susceptible or immune 

 to attack ; infestation varies, not only in different years, but also in 

 different districts. The author beUcves that the character of the soil 

 exercises a very considerable ipfJuence, but nothing definite has been 

 ascertained as regards thi^. At present only general measures of a 

 preventive nature can be advised, as it is impossible to know whether 

 infestation will be favoured or checked by the weather. 



Abler ( — ). Zur Biologie von Apanteles glomcratus, L. [Notes on the 

 Biology of A. i^loiin'raliis.] — Zcitschr. wiss. InseklenbioL, Berlin, 

 xiv, no. 7-8, 15th December 1918, i)p. 182-186, 3 figs. 



Many attempts ha\-e been made to ascertain the method of o\-i- 

 position of Apanteles <j;lo7neratiis, L., in Pieris brassicae. Matheson 

 in America publislied in 1907 an account of his experiments according 

 to which indixiduals of .1. ;^lomeratus caged with caterpillars of Pi'-ris 

 nipae sought somewhat small-sized specimens of the latter and 

 repeatedly de{)osited eggs in them at the rate of 15-35 eggs each time, 

 a caterpillar in which oviposition had thrice occurred containing 

 65 eggs when examined. This paper came to the author's notice after 



