8 



themselves to the upper surface of the leaves. Mating takes place in 

 August or September. About the end of October the scales migrate 

 to the branches, on which they remain until death follows oviposition 

 in the following year. 



The tig branches should be cleaned in winter, and sprays used of 

 powerful insecticides, such as petroleum-soap emulsion, tar-oil, and 

 calcium polysulphide, two applications being made not less than 

 15 days after the larvae appear. 



Farrell (J.). Apple Culture in Victoria. — Jl. Dept. Agric. Victoria, 

 Melbourne, xvi, no. 11, November 1918, pp. 648-657 ; xvii, no. 1, 

 January 1919, pp. 29-37 ; no. 3, March 1919, pp. 145-157 ; 

 no. 5, May 1919, pp. 287-295 : 20 figs. 



Among the insect pests here dealt with are : — Cydia {Carpocapsa) 

 pomonella (codling moth) ; Tortrix {Cacoecia) postvittana (light-brown 

 apple moth), which can be controlled by the same sprays as 

 C. pomonella ; Teia anartoides (painted apple moth), for which 1 lb. 

 lead arsenate to 30 gals, water, applied when the caterpillars are young, 

 is an effective remedy ; Pinara nana, the larvae of which eat the 

 leaves and buds at night and can be controlled by the sprays used for 

 codling moth ; and Leptops hopei (apple root borer). 



The last-named weevil is indigenous to Australia, and is one of the 

 most destructive pests of apples. Eggs are laid in the leaves in early 

 spring, and the young larvae fall to the ground and find their way to 

 the roots, into which they tunnel, causing the branches to die off. 

 Lead arsenate sprays on the foliage have given good results, and great 

 numbers of beetles have been caught by means of traps. An effective 

 one consists of an inverted funnel of zinc fitting closely to the bark 

 on the upper rim, with an aperture near the top, over which is a canister 

 about 5 inches long and 1^ inch in diameter, made of perforated zinc 

 with a light trap-door at the bottom. The beetles, impeded in their 

 upward movement by the funnel, find the aperture and enter the trap. 

 A simpler trap consists of a collar of zinc about 5 inches wide fitting 

 closely to the bark, the beetles being unable to surmount the smooth 

 surface, which, however, should be occasionally rubbed with fine 

 emery paper or painted to maintain its smoothness. The beetles are 

 collected by hand from below the traps and destroyed. Land that 

 has been infested and cleared should be left for at least two years 

 before re-planting, and it should be cropped in the meantime to ensure 

 the eradication of the pest. Further studies should be made of the 

 possibility of control by a parasite, Perilitus leptopsi, Vier. 



Eriosoma lanigerum (woolly apple aphis) is one of the most widely 

 spread apple pests, and one of the most difficult to deal with. The best 

 sprays have proved to be tobacco wash (using 1 lb. old tobacco leaf or 

 stems to 3 gals, of water, with soap at the rate of 1 lb. to 20 gals, of the 

 solution) during the period of growth, and red oil emulsion during the 

 dormant season. Red oil should not be used after the leaves appear. 

 When the attack is conlined to a few definite positions these parts may 

 be painted with kerosene or eucalyptus oil, which are quicker in action 

 and more deadly in effect. Teirany chits telarius (red spider) does much 

 damage to apple trees if the leaves are not sprayed. The mite should 

 be attacked in the egg-stage, and as this occurs during the dormant 

 period, red oil emulsion may be used with success. Tobacco and soap 

 solution also make an effective spray, which should be directed upwards, 

 as the mites are generally most numerous under the leaves. 



