50 



bushes that are not killed to recover from the effects of infestation 

 after the insects lia\'e disappeared. All stages of the insect seem to 

 live beneath the surface of the sand, the adults being found in July 

 about three inches below the surface. The damage done by these 

 grubs was formerly thought to be due to a species of Lachnosterna. 



A froghopper, Clastoptera vittata, Ball, is found abundantly on some 

 cranberry bogs ever}' ^'car, and when present in great numbers, is 

 considered very harmful. It usually infests dry bogs and apparently 

 also those that are winter-flooded but not reflooded. Hibernation 

 probably occurs in the egg-stage, which seems to survive the long 

 flooding, but it has not been known to survive on bogs that are 

 reflooded in the usual manner. The young nymphs begin to appear 

 in late May or early June, and the spittle-masses increase in size and 

 number until towards the end of July. The nymphs can be controlled 

 by spraying with one part of Blackleaf 40 to 400 parts of water with 

 2 lb. resin fish-oil soap to 50 U.S. gals. ; or 800 parts of water when the 

 nymphs are very small. Adults have been reared from three species 

 of Vaccinium, two of Gaylussacia, and from Andromeda ligiistrina, 

 Leucofhoe racemosa and Cassandra calyculata. As these plants are 

 abundant round many bogs they furnish a large source of infestation, 

 but as reflooded bogs are not attacked, the progress of the insect from 

 the uplands to the bogs must be very slow. 



The Proctotrupid, previously noticed as the most important parasite 

 oi Perrisia {Dasyneura) vaccinii. Smith (cranberry tip worm), has been 

 identified as Ceraphron pallidiventris, Ashm. It was bred in great 

 numbers from the larvae in 1916 and 1917. 



In the case of Porthciria dispar, L. (gipsy moth), the eggs do not 

 survive very late holding of the winter water. Experiments with wind 

 screens showed that 1,634 caterpillars were blown on to one acre 

 of bog in the course of a season. One grower obtained good results 

 by pouring 5 U.S. gallons of kerosene per 6 acres on a bog on which 

 caterpillars about one-third grown were floating. Sprays of one part 

 Blackleaf 40 to 400 parts of water killed the caterpillars in their early 

 stages, but not when they were nearly full-grown. 



The same spray is effective against Rhopobota vacciniana, Pack, 

 (black-headed fireworm), as well as the spittle insect, and all may be 

 treated by the same application on bogs that are winter-flooded but 

 not re-flooded. If lead arsenate is added to the spray, it has the 

 advantage of showing white where it has been applied, but in this case 

 whale-oil soap must be substituted for resin to prevent scorching. 

 It is now considered doubtful whether late holding of the winter flooding 

 can be relied upon to eradicate R. vacciniana entirely, unless it is 

 continued to 1st August. It seems better to let off the winter flooding 

 about 1st June and re-flood from three weeks to a month later. 



Mineola vaccinii, Riley (cranberry fruit worm) was found to be 

 parasitised by the Chalcid, Trichogramma minuhim, in 1917 to the 

 unexpected extent of 83-89 per cent, on dry bogs and from 29-88 per 

 cent, on those with winter flooding ; in 1918 these figures were 

 36-89 per cent, and 0-1 5 per cent, respectively. Experiments in burying 

 the larvae in sand showed that they can be smothered by sand about 

 one inch thick, but that this must be applied after pupation, that is, 

 after the middle of June. 



A destructive invasion of Agrotis ypsilon, Rott. (greasy cutworm) 

 occurred in August on a bog that had been flooded from early June 

 to 10th July, in much the same way as that of Laphygma 

 frugiperda (fall army worm) in 1916 _loc. cit.]. The cutworms 



