307 



for propagation, are responsible for the introduction and spread of 

 this pest. Within a given region this method of spread is supple- 

 mented by the natural flight of the adults and their carriage on 

 vehicles and clothing. 



The more important food-plants, of A. 'woglumi in the Canal Zone 

 are Ardisia revoluta, Citrus spp., Coffea arabica, Elaeis melanococca, 

 Eugenia jambos, E. malaccensis, Luaima mammosa, L. nervosa, Meli- 

 cocca bijuga and Mangifera indica. Under certain conditions plants 

 are seriously injured, but none have been found to be killed by it 

 in the Canal Zone and Republic of Panama. 



The six stages in the life-history of A. woghtmi, namely, the egg, 

 three larval instars, the pupa and the adult, are described. There 

 is a decided overlapping of stages. The duration of the various 

 stages was as follows: egg, 11-20 days; three larval instars, 7-16, 

 5-30 and 6-20; pupa, 16-80; adult, probably 6-12. There is a 

 great mortality in the various stages, only 22-5 per cent, of the 

 individuals of 790 eggs reaching maturity. 



In the Canal Zone drought in the dry season and the heavy rains 

 during the wet are factors that tend to check the pest. 



Natural enemies include the Coccinelhds, Hyperaspis calderana, 

 Gorh., H. albicollis, Gorh., Scymnus thoraciciis, For., 5. horni, Gorh., 

 S. coloratits, Gorh., S. adspersitlits, Gorh., and Crypiognatha flaviccps, 

 Crotch. The larvae of a lacewing fly, Chrysopa sp., have occasionally 

 been taken feeding on all stages of A. luoglitmi. The fungi, AscJier- 

 sonia spp. and Aegerita webberi, attack the larvae and pupae. No 

 internal parasites have been found. 



Artificial control is necessary. The logical time for spraying in 

 this region is in the dry season, but no data on sprays at this time 

 have been obtained. Preliminary work during the rainy season has 

 shown that such contact insecticides as 5 ancl 10 per cent, kerosene 

 emulsions, fish-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb. to 2-4 U.S. gals, water, 

 and nicotine oleate prepared according to Moore's formula [R.A.E., 

 A, vi, 422] give good results. 



There is a possibility that A . wogliimv may gain entrance into and 

 become established in the United States, particularly Florida. 



Collins (C. W.) & Hood (C. E.). Gipsy Moth Tree-banding Material : 

 How to make, use, and apply it. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, 

 D.C., Bull. 899, 14th December 1920, 18 pp., 4 figs., 7 plates. 

 [Received 20th April 1921.] 



As a result of practical experience the formula for a banding 

 adhesive published l)y Burgess and Griffin [R. A.E., A, v, 212] has been 

 modified and changes in the method of mixing have been introduced. 



The materials used are neutral coal-tar oil having a density of 

 1-12-1 -15 at 20° C. (68° F.) ; hard coal-tar pitch, melting at 

 about 49° C. (120° F.) ; resin oil, known as first-run " kidnev," 

 having a viscosity of 52 at 100° C. (212° F.), tested with a Saybolt 

 universal viscosimeter ; and ordinarj^ commercial hydrated lime. 



Coal-tar acids sometimes injure trees, hence the necessity for a 

 neutral or nearly neutral oil. Resin oils vary in colour, viscosity, 

 and acidity. The resin oil specified is of a medium to dark brown 

 colour and contains 26 per cent, free acid. If the acid content is 

 too low, the finished product will be too soft and will not stand up 

 on the trees, even at moderate temperatures, and it becomes necessary 

 to add more resin oil, which results in a tougher product that films 



