365 



banding adhesive or limewash may be employed against the compact 

 masses of newly hatched caterpillars. Collection of the caterpillars 

 and pupae must not be followed by their destruction, as the latter 

 involves that of parasites. Collection of the female moths is a most 

 valuable measure. Experiments with light-traps have shown them 

 to be costly and ineffective. 



If an outbreak is thought possible, forestry operations should be 

 regulated accordingly. The areas for clear felling should be chosen 

 to include places where oviposition has been abundant in order that 

 clearing may destroy the eggs. Thinning is also a valuable measure, 

 for not only are eggs destroyed, but the increase of light and air favour 

 Tachinid and other enemies of the nun moth, and the caterpillars 

 are more exposed to inclement weather. 



The concluding part of this paper gives figures showing the potential 

 natural increase of the nun moth, in order to emphasise the absolute 

 necessity for combative measures in the early stages of infestation. 



BoLLE (G.). La Tignola della Farina e la sua Distruzione. [The 

 Flour Moth and its Destruction.] — Allevamenti , Palermo, n, 

 no. 5, 1st May 1921, pp. 138-144, 10 figs. 



The infoiTnation given here on EpJiestia kuhniella and its destruction 

 by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is repeated from another 

 source already noticed [R/A.E., A, viii, 486]. 



Smits van Burgst (C. A. I,.). Hyperparasitisme bij primaire Para- V" 

 sieten van de gestreepte Dennenrups {Panolis griseovariegata, 

 Goeze). Superparasitisme. [Hyperparasitism noticed in primary 

 Parasites of the Pine Caterpillar, Panolis flammea {griseovariegata).] 

 Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, Wageningen, xxvii, no. 4, April 1921, 

 pp". 45-49. 



Though generally confined to particular insect hosts, Hjonenopterous 

 parasites sometimes infest others, even of different orders. Variations 

 are to be expected when a Hymenopterous parasite of a phytophagous 

 insect begins to infest an entomophagous one, thus changing from a 

 primary parasite to a hyperparasite. 



In connection with the author's paper on the parasites of the pine 

 moth, Panolis flammea, Schiff. [R.A.E., A, ix, 86], he has received a 

 record, published in 1914 by K. Pfankuch, of Ichneumon nigritarius, 

 Grv., and Microcryptiis arrogans, Grv. (both parasites of P. flammea) 

 parasitising Banchus femoralis, Ths., another parasite of the pine 

 moth, of which they thus appear to have become hyperparasites. 



Ratzeburg has imagined an instance in which two different parasites 

 infest a caterpillar, which is still able to pupate, when a third parasite 

 infests the cocoon. Owing to lack of food two of the parasitic larvae 

 perish, and this may lead to the assumption that third degree para- 

 sitism has occurred, whereas in fact the host has harboured three 

 primary parasites. It is possible that the surviving parasitic larva 

 may eat the others. 



The author thinks it not improbable that a race of secondary parasites 

 can originate in cases where several primary parasites meet in a 

 common host, and this may explain to some extent the instance 

 recorded by Pfankuch. 



