497 



Rott.. A. ravida, Schiff. [ohscura, Brk.), A. saucia, Hb., F. excla- 

 mationis, Phragmatohia fuliginosa, L., and Hypogymna morio, L. 



Barathra (Mamestra) brassicae, L., Polia {M.) oleracea, L., Phyiometra 

 gamma, L., and occasionally Nygmia phaeonhoea are injurious to 

 variou9 vegetable crops. 



Conifers are injured by Liparis {Lymaniria) monacha, L., Cnetho- 

 campa [Thaumatopoea) pityocampa, Schiff., Dendrolimiis pint, L., 

 Hyloicus pinastri, L., Bupalus piniarins, L., Ellopia prosapiaria, L., 

 Semiothisa Uturata, CI., Boarmia crepuscularia, Hb., B. consortaria, 

 F., etc. 



BuREscH (I.). HomHMTt FlenepyflM Ha BijJirapMfl ci. CneuMajieHi* 

 Or/ieA'b Bl»pxy BptflHUrt Bmaobg. [The Nocturnal Lepidop- 

 tera of Bulgaria with special Reference to the harmful Species.] — 

 Tpyfloee Ha BiiJirapcKOTO npHpoAOMsnHTaienHO flpywecTBO. 



[Mem. Bulgarian Naturalists Soc], Sophia, vii, 1914, pp. 9-100. 

 [With German Summary.] [Received August 1921.] 



This paper, which is supplementary to the preceding one, deals with 

 all the nocturnal Lepidoptera so far recorded from Bulgaria, giving 

 brief notes on the time of occurrence and life-history under local 

 conditions. The species recorded include : the Notodontids, Dicranura 

 vinula, L., on Populus tremula, which pupates about the second half 

 of June, the adults emerging the following April or May ; Notodonta 

 ziczac, L., found chiefly in parks and plantations of poplars and 

 willows, the first generation of adults appearing about April from 

 hibernating pupae and the second about July ; Pterostoma palpina, 

 L., appearing in two generations on willow ; and Phalera 

 bucephala, L., occurring in May and August on birch, willow, 

 lime, aspen and oak, especially on young trees in plantations. The 

 chief remedial measure is cultivating the ground around the trees 

 to expose the pupae. This should be done in March or April, and 

 again in July and October and November. In May the adults may 

 be shaken from the trees, and the larvae may be destroyed in a similar 

 manner in June. This should be repeated again in August and 

 September. Pygaera anastomosis, L., emerges from the hibernating 

 pupae about March ; a second generation of adults appears about 

 May or June, and under favourable conditions a third about July 

 or August. The larvae of this generation pupate about the end of 

 August and hibernate. The Liparids recorded include NoiolopJnis 

 (Orgyia) antiqua, L., injurious to orchards and conifers, Nygmia 

 phaeorrhoea, Don., and Stilpnotia salicis, L., on poplar and willow, 

 the eggs of which do not overwinter but hatch in about 13 days, 

 hibernation probably occurring in the larval stage and pupation taking 

 place about June. No successful remedial measures are in operation 

 against this moth, but it is greatly attracted to light. The almost 

 universal gipsy moth, Porthetria {Lymantria) dispar, L., is also recorded 

 from Bulgaria, where the winter is passed in the egg-stage, the larvae 

 hatching about April. Liparis (L.) monacha, L., occurs chiefly on 

 conifers, but has also been found on beech. 



The Lasiocampid, Malacosoma neustria, L., is one of the chief pests 

 of broad-leaved trees, although in some years it is practically absent. 

 About 300 to 400 eggs are laid by each female. The winter is passed 

 in the egg-stage, the larvae appearing about the beginning of April. 



