498 



Pupation occurs about June and lasts from 12 to 14 days. Eriogaster 

 lanestris, L., is widely distributed in Bulgaria, attacking Crataegus sp. 

 and pear trees, but seldom other fruit-trees. The best time for 

 destroying the caterpillars is in rainy weather, when they congregate 

 in the nests. They are heavily parasitised by Ichneumonids. The 

 seasonal history of Lasiocampa querciis, L., varies according to climatic 

 conditions in different localities. In high altitudes it is replaced by 

 L. quercus var. callunae, Palm. 



Dendrolimus pint, L., has recently been found to occur in Bulgaria, 

 where the eggs are laid early in July and hatch about the 20th. About 

 the 6th September the larvae prepare for hibernation, and with the 

 onset of warm weather in spring they again attack pines. The adults 

 appear about May or June. The Endromidid, Endromis versicolor a, L., 

 occurs on pears. T\ieS2itnrm\6.,Perisomena caecigena, Kup., feeds on 

 oak and passes the winter in the egg-stage. Satiirnia pyri, Schiff., 

 occurs mostly on plum, pears and cherries, more seldom on apples. 

 The adults emerge about the end of April or beginning of May. The 

 eggs hatch in about 18 days, and pupation occurs about the middle of 

 Juty. This moth is widely distributed in Bulgaria, but apparently 

 does not occur in great abundance anywhere. The damage caused 

 by 5. spini, Schiff., is very local. The larvae occur during April and 

 May on Pruniis spinosus. The eggs hatch in from 14 to 20 days. 

 Pupation occurs towards the end of May and may last through two or 

 even three winters, the adults emerging about March. Many orna- 

 mental trees are attacked, especially Primus serotina, and also certain 

 willows such as Salix rosmarinifolia. The chief remedial measure is 

 collection of larvae. The eggs of S. pavonia, L., hatch in from 10 to 

 16 days according to the prevailing temperature. The larvae feed on 

 Primus spinosus ; thej^ pupate about the latter half of June. They 

 hibernate in the pupal stage, the adults emerging the following April ; 

 about 50 per cent, of the pupae remain in hibernation throughout 

 another year. The Th3''ridid, Thyris fenestrella, Sc, is recorded from 

 Sambuciis sp. The Noctuid, Acronycta megacephala, F., pupates 

 about September and the adults emerge the following May. It was 

 taken on poplar. A . psi, L., occurs on various fruit trees. The larvae 

 are found in June and August ; hibernation occurs in the pupal stage 

 of the second generation. Simyra dentinosa, Fr., occurs on various 

 species of Euphorhia. Agrotis c-nigrum, L., is one of the common 

 Noctuids in Bulgaria. Etixoa {A.) tritici, L., var. aquilina, Hb., is 

 injurious to corn crops and pastures. Barathra (Mamestra) brassicae, 

 L., has two generations, the adults occurring about May and July. 

 Occasionally there is a third. Hibernation occurs in the pupal stage. 

 The chief remedial measure consists in digging over the soil in the 

 autumn so as to destroy the pupae mechanically and expose them to 

 the attacks of birds and adverse weather conditions. Diloha coeruleo- 

 cephala, L., has been found in orchards, but chiefly occurs on hawthorn. 

 It causes slight damage to plums and cherries. Hibernation occurs in 

 the egg-stage. The larvae are often parasitised by Ichneumonids. 

 Heliothis peltigera, Schiff., occurs on Salvia officinalis and has two 

 generations. The Syntomid, Amata (Synfomis) phegea, L., occurs on 

 various grasses and is also injurious to pastures, as is also the Arctiid 

 Phragniatobia fuliginosa, L. The latter moth probably has two 

 generations and hibernates in the larval stage, though possibly it may 

 sometimes pupate before the winter. The larvae of Arciia caja, L., 

 occur chiefly on Taraxacum but will also feed on plum and nut trees, 

 etc., and cause considerable damage to pastures. 



