576 



where they emen^e. The Hfe-history and habits of T. qnayJei are \'ery 

 similar, but the adults of both sexes are wingless. 



Remedial measures have hitherto been confined to constant 

 cultivation ; this method can only forestall future injury and cannot 

 be applied to large areas of range land. For land that is actually 

 infested a poisoned-bran bait should be evenly scattered about in the 

 evening. The usual bait for grasshoppers killed an average of 72 per 

 cent, of larvae present ; a cheaper and equally effective bait 

 consists of 25 lb. bran, 1 lb. Paris green and about 3 U S. gals, water 

 in order to make a tiaky mash, 10 to 20 lb. per acre being the smallest 

 quantity required to produce a imiformly high mortality over the 

 entire area. 



McIndoo (N. E.), Simanton (F. L.), Plank (H. K.) & Fiske (R. J.). 

 Effects 0? Nicotine Sulphate as an Ovicide and Larvicide on the 

 Codling Moth and three other Insects. — U .S. Dept. Agric, 

 Washington, B.C., Bull. 938, 17th May 1921, 19 pp. TReceived 

 3rd October 1921.] 



Nicotine sulphate, 40 per cent., is effective in destroying the fresh 

 eggs of Bombyx mori, L. ; in older eggs hatching is more or less retarded 

 by it. The exhalation from leaves dipped in the solution one to 

 five days previously proved fatal to newly hatched larvae, and when 

 fed on the leaves six to eleven days after dipping, they also succumbed. 



Against eggs of the codling moth { Cydia pomonella] nicotine sulphate 

 did not prove effective, only about 20 per cent, of the eggs failing to 

 hatch. Larvae placed on pears that had been spra5^ed one or two 

 da3's previou.sly were reduced by about 75 per cent., the mortality 

 decreasing to about 25 per cent, on the sixth and seventh days. 

 Similar experiments carried out with eggs of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 

 L. (potato beetle) and Hemerocampaleucostigma, S. & A. (tussock moth) 

 proved the inefiicacy of nicotine sulphate as an ovicide in the case of 

 these species. 



Field experiments .show that nicotine sulphate, 1 : 800, with soap, is 

 fairly efficacious against the larvae of Cydia pomonella, but it is inferior 

 in action to a spray of 1 lb. powdered lead arsenate to 50 U.S. gals, 

 water. There is apparently no advantage in combining nicotine 

 sulphate and lead arsenate against this pest. 



KoTiNSKY (J.). Insects injurious to Deciduous Shade Trees and their 

 Control. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 

 1169, June 1921, 100 pp., 64 figs. [Received 3rd October 1921.] 



The factors associated with the control of insect pests of shade- 

 trees are discussed, and an account is given of both natural enemies 

 and artificial remedial measures. Spraying machinery and accessories 

 with spray formulae, and the usual remedial measures such as pruning 

 and banding are described. 



The various pests are dealt with besides many mentioned in a 

 previous paper [R.A.E., A, viii, 247] include the Lepidoptera, Cera- 

 tomia catalpae, Bdv., Malacosoma disstria, Hb., Palaeacrita vernata, 

 Peck., Alsophila pometaria, Harr., Anisota rubicimda, F., Apatela 

 popidi, Riley, Euvanessa aniiopa, L., Chlorippe ccltis, Bdv., and C. 

 clyton, Bdv. ; the sawfly, Cimbex americana. Leach ; the Coleopterous 

 borers, Saperdatridentata, 01., 5. vestita. Say, S. calcarata, Say, Parandra 



